29—1846.] 
» 
THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 
485 
"pas LONDON MANURE COMPANY beg to 
offer Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO, delivered direct from 
the Importers’ bonded warehouses :— 
Nitrate of Soda, Fine Bone Sawdust, 
Sulphate of Ammonia, 
Sulphurie Acid, 
Rocudienmicun of Lime, 
Sulphate of Soda, 
Pe 
ypsum, y 
And every article of Artificial Manure in the most genuine 
state. —No. 40, New Bridge-street, Blackfriars. 
EDWARD PURSER, Secretary. 
tural estimates; their results depend upon such 
fickle and unf ble ci that they are 
rarely realised. But we shall adopt such circum- 
stances as will be acknowledged by common and 
average experience for our data, and we hope that 
the following t may be depeuded upon. 
The case is this—*I have about 25007. and am 
d of sufficient skill to take either a dairy 
The Agricultural exasette. 
SATURDAY, JULY 18, 1846. 
TWxpwzspAv, July 2: 
TmumspAY, — 2% icultural Imp. Soc. of Ireland, 
"WaowmspAY, — 29—Axgricultnral Society of Englan 
TnuxspA, — 30—Agricultu Soc. of Ireland 
LOCAL SOCIETIES.—Ross—E. Lothian= Wiltshire. 
FARMERS’ CLUBS, 
July 299—Newton. 
July 21—Bromsgrove 
— 99—Plymton St. Mary 
27—Wellington 
Tue MEETING or THE ENGLISH AGRICULTURAL 
Soctery AT NzwcasTLE has been, in some respects, 
inferior even to that of the meeting at Shrewsbury 
—particularly as regards the exhibition of imple- 
ments, to which we have alluded in another column 
—but in others it has been vastly superior to any 
that has yet taken place. We refer to the adoption 
of discussions on topics selected by the Society—dis- 
cussions led by gentlemen named by the Council, 
and afterwards carried on by the farmers present. 
These have been eminently successful. They have 
been admirable developments of the Society’s motto 
—“ practice with science.” 
The lecture by Prof. Jounston on the principles 
of manuring, as a commencement, followed up by the 
practical remarks of Mr. Tomson, on the manage- 
ment of dung-heaps ; of Mr. CnowrroN, on the use of 
liquid manure ; of a gentleman from Aberdeen, on 
the proper size of tanks for collecting it; of Mr. 
Smrt, of Deanston, on a method of applying 
it; and of other gentlemen on various points 
of practical interest, formed altogether a body of 
information of the most satisfactory character. 
Professor JonwsroN made some useful observa- 
tions on the importance of education to the farmer ; 
and these were corroborated by Lord Porrman at 
the close of the lecture. —Z'hisis the sort of educa- 
tion which the farmer wants—one combining the 
mental exercise of ordinary schools with the pro- 
fessional instruction which experience alone can 
convey— one whose teachings shall be such as we 
in common with some hundreds of others, have this 
week had the pleasure of listening to in the lecture- 
room at Nelson-street, Newcastle-upon- Tyne. 
t € overheard on our way thither that “every 
farmer with a chemical head is well known to have 
alean pocket.” Could we have gathered up the 
sentiments of the majority as they left the place, 
we are persuaded that it would have more fully 
echoed the motto of the Society than this ; that 
while practice would have been acknowledged as 
the only true test of ability, the scientific acquire- 
ments of “a chemical head” would also be valued 
as of use in the guidance of the farmer. 
The discussions on drainage, too, under the able 
leadership of Mr. Parkes, were most instructive, and 
enchained the attention of an audience quite as 
arge as the room could comfortably accommodate 
for nearly three hours. 
Mr, Tuomson, and those who assisted him in 
€stablishing these lectures, must be highly gratified 
at the success of their undertaking; and we hope 
that they will succeed in inducing the Council 
next year still further to develop the principle in- 
volved in them—that of sectional discussions before 
and amongst limited numbers. 
. In further pursuing our remarks on the conver- 
Sion of PasrURE-LAND, we come now to consider 
the interests of those whose capital and skill are 
Spent in its cultivation. Where the tenant of a 
Grass farm has his means already fully engaged in 
its management, then, as we have already said, it is 
Not the interest of the landowner to permit the 
Conversion of his fields. But there are many 
Srazing farmers who have the extra capital 
Necessary for the cultivation of arable land; and 
the question for their consideration is—“ Shall I 
hot find it profitable to invest it thus, my landlord 
Stving me permission ?” A there are many 
Young farmers about to enter into business, and the 
Question for their consideration is—* How can I 
invest my capital in agriculture so as to derive from 
it the largest annual return? By taking a large 
ee farm, and turning dairyman or grazier, or by 
aking an arable farm of perhaps half the size, as it 
will require double the acreable capital, and turning 
cultivator in the true sense of the word?” Now 
HR latter question includes the former, and we 
all endeavour to answer it. 
€ are well aware of the general fate of agricul- 
farm or an arable farm; and the following offer is 
made to me— Here is a dairy farm of 370 acres, at 
a rental of 30s. per acre ; you may take this ; or if 
you prefer it, you may take 200 acres of it, with 
permission to break it up; only, as I shall build 
upon it a suitable farmery ; and as I shall have 
to drain considerable portions of it, I shall add 
90s. an acre to the rent?' This is the alter- 
native for my decision. The rent is the total 
annual payment to landlord, clergyman, and parish; 
and I am satisfied that in either case it is on a 
pretty fair valuation. I find that the capital required 
is, ineither case, about the same, and the question for 
my decision is in which position am I likely to 
make the most money.” This question let us en- 
deavour to answer. But first let us consider what 
capital is needed in the two cases 
1. The Pasture-farm of 370 acres. 
Now asa sort of guarantee for the accuracy of 
the following statement, we shall transcribe from 
the note book of a practical farmer and valuer the 
following memorandum (date 1828), being the re- 
sult of an investigation into the stock kept on the 
seven farms in a certain parish in Gloucestershire, 
consisting almost wholly of Pasture-land, or, to 
speak accurately, of 918 acres of pasture, and 20 
acres of arable land. 
No Yearlings 
No.|Acres | Gows.| and 2-year- Rent, Rent per Acre, 
"| old heifers. 
1 117 31 8 £220 0 0 £2 0 0 
2 20 6 0 0 200 
3 130 35 8 200 0 0 110 0 
4 160 40 13 240 0 0 110 0 
5| 153| 45 10 290 0 0 118 0 
6 145 40 8 260 0 0 Latet 
7 155 40 10 240 0.0 118 0 
933 | 251 | 63 1590 0 0| 114 1 
Now we shall stock our farm as those in the 
above Table are stocked, whose rent is 30s. per 
acre, and we shall probably be at the following 
expense :— 
4 horses at 300. .. . . £120 070 
90 cows at 12.  .. . +» 1080 0 0 
10 calves at 2. .. . .. 20.0 0 
10 yearlings at 5l. py cra cote? 
l02.yearoldatSl. — .. we we 80 0 0 
15 sows and pigs at 20. ENA NENE R, 
———— £1380 0 0 
2.—Implements. 
3 waggons at 20l. (or 2 waggons and 2 
carts) E m on m 60 0 0 
Dairy implements erem. ud Ard ea B02 OR LO 
Sundries, as troughs, hurdles, &c. .. 20 0 0 
100 0 0 
8.—One year’s Expenses. 
This we shall justify when consider- 
ing the labourer's interest in this 
subject—about 17s. per acre .. 315 0 0 
4.— One year’s Rent, 
360 acres at 30s. .. I I. m 540 0 0 
Total capital needed o5 fe 2835 0 0 
But from this may be deducted half a 
yearsrent.. s E 970 0 0 
Leaving .. I. £2060 0 0 
Or about 5l. 8s. 6d. as the capital 
needed per acre on this pasture 
arm. 
2. The arable farm of 200 acres. 
,— Stock. 
3 pair of horses at 300. each horse .. £180 0 0 
To consume 25 acres of Clover— 
8 sheep per acre—or 200 sheep 
bought in May at 25s. I. ve 250 0 0 
these kept on during winter with 150 
sheep bought in October at 30s. 225 0 0 
and 20 head of oxen bought in Nov. 
at 12l. each, will suffice for the 
consumption of 65 acres of roots 
and 10 acres of Beans or Peas .. 240 0 0 
4 breeding sows E oe oe 15 
— £910 0 0 
2.—Inplements. 
6 carts, or 2 carts and 2 waggons «+ 60 0 0 
3 ploughs at 5l., 3 pair harrows at 3l., 
1 scarifier at 10l... . .. 3& 0 0 
a roller 5l., 2 horse-hoes at 4l., 1 Tur- 
nip drill, 6... E .. m 19 0 0 
1 corn-drill .. m .. m 30 0 0 
Troughs, hurdles, &c. .. oo oo 27 0.0 
170 0 
2 (3). One Year’s Expenses. 
This we shall justify when discussing 
the labourer’s interest in the sub- 
ject—about 38s. per acre .. .. 880 0 
1 year’s horse keep, 6 horses at 201. 120 0 0 500 0 
(4).—One Year's Rent. 
> 
200 acres at 50s,  .. " Tar se 
5.)— Conversion of Grass. 
We must add expense of breaking 
up Grass lands. We will suppose 
one-half to be pared and burnt, 
100 acres at 30s. td we s vs ee O00 0 
Total capital needed ,. [ets m ..2330 0 0 
From this might be deducted 
half a year's rent, or .. m .. 250 0 0 
£1980 0 0 
Leaving .. .. m "T m 
Or about 91. 18s. 0d, per acre. 1 
And now let as consider which mode of farm: 
ing will yield the largest income from the invest- 
ment of this capital. ` 
I. PASTURE FARM, 
Annual Income. 
1. 90 cows, at 34 cwt. of cheese an- 
nually, or 315 cwt. of cheese, 
at 50s. m E m .. £787 10 0 
‘And for whey butter, at 2l. per cow 180 0 0 
2. 10 cows with their calves, sold off 
at 14l. . E 26 140 + 0,0; 
3. 70 calves, at 2l. m m 0 
4, Pigs: 1 fat pig to every 4 cows, at 
41, per pig. Deduct ll. for meal, 
&c.; 2 pigs, at3l. ++ ee 
00 
———— £1313 10 0 
Annual Outgoings. 
1. One year's expenses of labour, at 
73, per acre oe m 315 0 0 
2, Ren no 3 .. m .. 640 0 0 
8, Interest on capital, 5 per cent. on 
20001. E E .. .. 100 0 0 
955 0 0 
58 10 0 
Leaving .. . os 
as the farmer’s income from which his household expenses, 
&e, &c., will be paid. E 
"This income will also have to keep the imple- 
ments good, and to bear risk of loss by death among 
the stock. It will thus be reduced on an average by 
10 per cent. on 1007., value of Implements, or .. £10 
‘And 5 per cent. on 1980, value of stock, or .. 69 0 0 
This will bring it to, per year .. T ..£219. 10... 0. 
And, lastly, consider the income derivable from 
the capital invested in arable culture. ` 
II. ARABLE FARM. 
Annual Income. 
60 acres of Wheat, at 36 bush. (a large 
average, but remember the land is 
worth 50s, an acre); 270 qrs. at 50s. £675 0 0 
20 acres of Barley, at40 bush. ; 100 qrs., 
at30s. .. on m m .. 150 0 0 
10 acres of Oats (the other 10 acres will 
o feed the horses and for fat- 
ting stock, &c.), at 7 qrs. per 
cre ; 70 qrs., at 20s. . zu TO 210000. 
a . B 
10 acres of Beans* are sown, and their 
week atleast; 200, at 34s, 6d. .. 945 0 0 
150 sheep, bought at 30s. each in Oct., 
and sold in May, should pay 9d. 
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20 oxen, at 5l. ESS G00 G00 
40 store pigs, at 1l. oe .. AR i 
£1526 5 0 
ross annual income . . oe £1526 5 0 
Annual Outgoings. 
One year’s labour, as former ac- 
ount, deducting 1207. for horse- 
keep, which is supplied by 10 acres 
, arrots, &c., ani 
some Beans also grown on thefarm £380 0 0 
Seed. 
60 acres of Wheat, at 2 bush. ; 120 at 75. 0 
20 acres of Barley, at 3 bush. ; 60at4s. 12 0 0 
20 acres of Oats, at 4 bush. ; 80 at 3s. 12 0 0 
25 acres of Clover-seed and Rye-grass, 
at er acre .. m sor; 925 0 0 
20 acres of Swedes, 5 Ibs. per acre; 
100 at 1s. E m m m 500 
5 acres of Carrots, 5 Ibs. per acre ; 25 
at 1s. 6d. .. E m m 117 6 
20 acres of Mangold Wurzel, 5 Ibs. per 
acre; at Is. .. n m 500 
20 acres of common Turnip; 100 at9d. 3 15 0 
en: m Pt .. m .. 500 0 0 
Interest on capital, 5 per cent. on 20001. 100 0 0 
— £1086 12 6 
Leaving ..79*.. £439 12 6 
This income will also have to keep the impie- 
ments good, and it will have to bear the risk of 
losses by death among the stock. It will thus be 
reduced on an average 
10 per cent. on implements (170.) «£17 0 0 
And 5 per cent. on live stock (9101.) . 4510 0 
6210 0 
Which will reduce it to £377 2s. 6d. à 
According to this calculation, and we believe it 
to be a pretty fair one (although it, perhaps, repre- 
sents the case too favourably for the farmer in both 
cases), a tenant farmer may make about 280/. a-year 
off a capital of 20607. in dairy farming, and he may 
make an income of 3807. (?) offa capital of 19807. in 
arable farming. Whether or not the actual sums 
here stated be quantitatively correct, we believe 
that they are relatively accurate, and that from a 
given eapital more money isto be made in arable 
farming than im pasture, especially when the farm 
is not entered on out of condition, but in the state 
of fertility which always belongs to newly broken 
up land. 
After having thus illustrated this branch of the 
subject, we might here leave it, and, commence 
on the interest of the labourers in the matter ; but 
we wish to say one word further on that connection 
between landlord and tenant which will most con- 
duce to the interests of both. 
Why is it of importance that the farmer should 
possess both sufficient capital and sufficient intelli- 
gence before it is advisable for his landlord to per- 
mit him to break up his pastures? Simply that in 
the first case it may de his interest to treat the land 
well, and that in the second he may see it to be so. 
* It will be observed that on this firm of 200 acres we grow 
60 acres of Wheat, 20 of Barley, 20 of Oats, 20 of Beans, 20 of 
Swedes, 20 of Mangold Wurzel, 20 of common Turnips, 5 
Carrots, and 25 of Clover, A rotation t» bring about this pro- 
duce is easily arranged, y k 
men 
(CÓ À 
Sm 
