654 
THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 
[Supr. 26, 
. ‘The cost, particulars, and results are also | instead of 5.—J. J. 
‘his statement is confirmed | (Esser Paper.) Pine 
Watering Flax.—This process requires the greatest | dance 
small cost. 
given in a tabular form. 
by Mr. Pusey's practice, by Mr. Parkes's own expe- 
rience, by my own practice on 33 acres the past year, | 
and by that of numerous other persons. Dr. Dixon 
has not tried l-ineh pipe drainage in strong loams, and 
I defy him to show a ease in w hich such drainage has 
failed to act ; what, then, i is the worth of his mere as- 
sertions, or “rather opinions? The question is a very 
important one, nationally, It is nota personal question 
at all, but one of fact. I see daily in my rides, that 
there is a vast deal of draining being now done in this 
county improperly, almost useless] ly, and far too ex- 
pensively ; but it must continue to be so, as long as 
farmers will be guided by opinions and prejudices, 
rather than by faet and calculation ; 3 and they pay 
smartly for this, both now and prospectively. I have 
Wheat 6 feet high, growing on land which before 
this drainage would never produce a full crop. 
The Doctor mis-states the facts, My first plan of 
drainage does act Moe (although he said it never would), 
but my last acts better and at less cost. I have yet to 
learn that is bir wise or profitable not to leave a 
good plan for a better. If the doctor is wise, he will 
not only make the “pencil cases,” but recommend 
them, thus benefiting himself and his customers, There 
is a most mistaken notion as to how water enters drains. 
The fact is, it always come in at the very bottom of the 
drain under the pipes, and rises up into them. Why, 
then, put on stones or bushes? I would rather farm well. 
drained land without manure, than undrained land with 
it. The truth is that Essex must amend her agricultural 
errors and deficiencies; she must drain more deeply 
and cheaply. She may then cultivate more deeply by 
subsoiling : she must abolish her trees and reduce her 
fences ; she must economise her liquid manure, the 
very soul of the farm (I wish my friend Dixon did not 
waste his) ; she must economise seed and avoid weeds 
by thin sowing and horse hoeing ; use more effective 
implements to pulverise and commix the soil. She 
must crush and cut up finely all her horse feed, and 
keep her horses warm and dry within, in lieu of. allow- 
ing them to trample upon and destroy it, and injure 
their healths by atmospheric exposure.—She must 
abolish her lumbering useless waggons, and do the same 
work at two-thirds the cost, with light carts : at pre- 
sent one-third of her horse labour is employed in tim- 
ber carting, dragging uselessly heavy vehicles from one 
part of the farm to another. She must have better 
farm roads,square fields, and less short lands ; better 
mechanieal appliances, and yet employ much more 
labour. She must substitute for her rotten, detached, 
and temporary farm buildings, others of iron, brick, 
and slate ; she must fatten her stock with a less quan- 
tity of food in a shorter time, by warmth and dryness ; 
she must have leases, corn rents, and a valuation of 
tenants’ improvements ; to sum up, she must throw off 
all her old prejudices, see what other counties are 
about, and do the best of things in the best of ways. 
may be asked, how is all this to be done? I answer, 
make a beginning, or you will never progress. Let a 
farmer with one thousand pounds take one hundred 
acres instead of two. Let landlords calculate that tim- 
ber is robbing them as well as the tenants. Abolish 
the interminable parchment leases, with their thousand 
useless covenants and restraints, and stipulate for alter- 
nate corn, and root, or green crop ; the straw, hay, 
roots, or green crop to be consumed on the farm. Let} 
the draining be done by either landlord or tenant, or 
both; but at all events let no heavy land be farmed 
until it is drained deeply and permanently with pipes. 
I remember full weli that for two years, whilst my im- 
provements were in progress, I was the ridicule and 
scorn of Essex; my theories were considered wild and 
visionary. I was told my barn would more than hold 
all my crops, and that I could never raise good and 
Red ones on such soil. I remember my friend 
ixon telling me, “that I should sneak away from Tip- 
tree-heath ashamed of my failure." But the tables are 
turned now ; a great change has come over the publie 
mind. ‘The drains do run, the crops do grow, and chal- 
lenge competition with the richest in Essex. The barn 
was filled, and the stack-yard not large enough ; and I 
have this year. 
3 acres of dete 5 acres of Rye-grass 
> eal 
» mem Tares 8 a 
= 
with ^6 acres id preparation for Swedes, &e., and no 
long fallow. All this on 170 acres of land, landlord's 
measure. y object in making these remarks i is not 
vanity, or the gratification of any personal ambition, 
but to stimulate a better and more energetie spirit in 
agrieulture ; practice has shown me that poor and ex- 
hausted farming is not profitable, but that good farm- 
ing is so. Practice has proved to me that my theories 
are sound an ealeu- 
lation. Pract ice and comparison have convinced me 
that Essex must make very great changes in her 
opinions and operations, ere she ranks in the van of 
In as facts are stubborn 
things, my crops are open at all times to the inspec- 
tion of such of my brother agriculturists as may have 
the spirit of inquiry and comparison. Deep drainage 
is my sheet anchor, because if earth is the food of 
plants, the deeper you drain the more food you place 
at their disposal. Every extra 7 inches in depth is 
about 700 tons per acre. I limit myself to 5 feet 
deep, because that is the greatest practicable depth 
at a moderate price, having regard to the open ditches ; 
but for this consideration I would drain 10 feet deep 
Mechi, Tiptree-hall, June 18. 
care and attention. River water is the best. If spring 
water has to be used, let the pond be filled some weeks, 
or months, if possible, before the Flax is put in, th at 
the sun and air may soften the water. That containing 
iron, or other mineral substances, should never be 
used, If river water can be had, it need not be let into 
the pond sooner than the day before the Flax is to be 
steeped, ize for a steep pool is 12 to 18 feet 
broad, and 3j to 4 feet deep. Place the Flax in the 
pool, in one layer, somewhat sloped, and in regular 
rows, with the rootendunderneath. Cover with moss 
sods, or tough old lea sods, cut thin, laid perfectly close, 
the sheer of each fitted to the other. Before putting 
on the sods, a layer of rushes or ragweeds is recom- 
mended to be placed on the Flax, especially in new 
ponds. As sods are not always at hand, a light cover- 
ing of straw may do, with stones laid on it, so as to 
keep the Flax just under the water, and as the fermen- 
tation goes on, additional weights should be laid on. It 
may stand thus covered, it never sinks to the bottom, 
nor is it affected by air or light. A small stream of 
water allowed to run through a pool has been found to 
improve its colour. It will be sufficiently steeped, me 
an average time, from eight to fourteen days, a 
cording to the heat of the weather, and the nature of 
the water. Every grower should learn to know when 
the Flax has had enough of the water, as a few hours 
too much may injure it. It is, However, much more 
q 1 d d than ove red. The best 
test is the following :—Try some boris of average 
thiekness, by breaking the shove, or woody part, in two 
places, about 6 or 8 inches apart, at the middle of the 
stock ; catch the broken bit of wood, and if it will pull | c 
freely “ont, downwards, for that length, without breaking 
or tearing the fibre, and with none of the fibre adhering 
to it, it is ready to take out. Make this trial every six 
hours, after fermentation subsides, for sometimes the 
change i is rapid. Never lift the Flax roughly from the 
pool, with forks or grapes, but have it carefully handed 
out on the bank, by men standing in the water. Spread 
on the same day it is taken out, unless it be raining 
heavily ; light rain does little harm. If it cannot be 
spread, let it be set on end, or separated into small 
parcels, to prevent it heating in the heap. It i 
advantageous to let the Flax drain 12 to 24 hours, after 
being taken from the pool, by placing the bundles on 
their root ends, close together, or on the flat, with a 
slope.—5th Report, Flax Society. 
otices £o Correspondents. 
COnunN—J L—'There are many small churns very suitable in 
cases where only one cow is kept. We have long ure one 
manufacture x;-Attwóod, of Lewes, an com- 
mend it, The giass milk pans are advisable for Vierte 
Eg. You may use straw ad libitum for litter to your pigs, 
&c. Give your pigs: pollard and barley meal. You may 
grow Wheat on your E soil, It voula answer well to 
mari it if you have the me? 
» GrinpER—Ruyton— 
oe, refer to the Dcum pag mill fo 
Four STUBBLE— 
in your Forma ams Tarnow, ind bum, or cart a 
the neighbourhood of a o be hoped that. uy 
have done so duri ing the eoe eU e zs have had. d 
manure too highly for your Potatoes, We have had n 
peronii of diseased Potatoes as seed; but you may safely 
ant those reed seem sound, See Mr. Paxton's statement 
in n pago dos 
ow of no such machine, ene 
undi in mud tile 
efore ploughing 
Cr. 
Dui i MeL APT on oftheudder, Give a dose of 
alts Nu arofaa ies nally, Externally foment with very 
Manuel cloth held by two men for an 
e three times a day; afterwar cam- 
phor iE UE and if hardness. of the udder continues, Appl 
8 
& 
2 
BERE 
ce 
iodine ointment in a mild fore To preve nt it, avoid all 
causes calculated to produce a oe W. 0. 8. 
GARDEN Farm—Country Curate— may nalis Eel a cow— 
you might keep two. Have hi alfan, porata oerna e constantly ; 
some grain crop, ley, r Wheat, to 
aw for litter; one is e in Wess REY Carrots 
nes fon and white Belgian), and half an acre in Man- 
gold Wurzel, The last, with the Saati ex the Early VUA 
Carrot, will keep the cow all th: the 
and Mangold W Poor with the half ; acre of hay, will dios 
them well in winter. should have a seed-bed of early 
se redde ady to d DE into the land ve soon as the 
early Carrot crop i 
MANURE—Z L—Certi tiny you may Du x n^ 
liquid manure, pay 
Do not put limi 
thing volatile. xn: Should edd to your news Eos as 
e do not send copies folded from the office, Can you not 
ES Y 
nd Wheat stubbles bar 
x awdust Mp pore 
t. 
is à well known variety and 
much grown on AA interes “ont has not been able to dis- 
place the better soris Porat he 
SCOURING IN Youn —R ve the sow Beans, or Bean- 
RS with her pollard! and o young pigs a few Peas, 
Ware Core iM Wes ad Wonzzn—P W—Their ordi- 
eat this s: s may have been 35s. per 
ton Aes the former, gue 25s. for the latter, Are you a buyer? 
If so, we should be glad UPS vmi SS. 
W—Your ear resembles Le 
s White Downy or Yélouté, a productive variety, but 
ae ge chaff renders it unsuitable for a damp RD 
EnnATUM—In the article on “Agricultural Statis at 
page 634, col. a, line 16 from bottom, ,at No, 5 in the divisions, 
r The arrea; d “Manuri 
Markets, 
HAY.—Per Load of 36 Trusses, 
SMITHFIELD, Sept. 2: 
Prime Mead.Hay 702 to 78«| New Hay —ato 
Infr.Newds Rowen 50 65 | Clover m to 100" 
Trade very hea 
Ls] NewOlr, —sto —s 
Straw 2297 30 
Jonn Coors, Salesman. 
CUMBERLAND Ve Sept. 24. 
Eu & o Clover 95:t0 101 
e Mt 
Prime Mead. Hay 
fe d T 75 88 | Straw |i3261085& 
New Hay 
w Clover — 
Josva. Baxan, Hay Salesman, 
WHITECHAPEL, Sept. 25. 
if0sto 80« | Old Clover 100» to105» 
Straw — 24s to 20» 
20 
Fine Old e . 
Inferior Tafe g 
New Hay, -= New Clover 80 
Trade very dall at the above prices, 
mno ient for the demand, 
pple: 
of Black liamburgh 
large E (d of Forei 
market during the week. 
1e same ay be said of Pl 
Peaches are scarce 
s 
VENT GARDEN, SEPT. 26 26.— Vegetables continue to be 
but Fruit is not over abundant. 
s have not altered in price ance last week, 
h Grapes may be obtained, and 
ign ones is ‘been received in the 
s Golden Drop. Apple: altered in 
price since last week. The supply of or anges, considering 
the ease, is good ; and Nuts are sufficie demand. 
Walnu re plentiful.  Filberts am or, and trade for 
Lemons are seam 
Beaton 
Melons; some foreign ones are in Nem. 
Cabbages, -Oauliflowers, dc., 
sufficient for the demand, 
ut little in price. Peas ar 
the same as last week, 
are very much affected by 
rim PN IM 
a 
Celery is WU in qua 
Lettuces and on 
plen Cut Flowers chiefly ci 
inks, Ga Camellias, Pelargoniums, EP T P uc FENA Azaleas, 
o are good English 
Of Vegetables, 
are good, but the latter hardly 
Carrots and T urnips have altered 
e scarce. Beans remain nearly 
ty. Potatoes 
the prevail 
S 
Jasmines, 
FRUITS. 
Pluma, pev hf.-sv., bs to 8$ 
igs, per dozen, d$ 
beimont, , 
Pine Apple, perlb., dato 7s 
Grapes, Hothouse, per Jb., 2s to 4s 
— Portugal, per tb, Js to lead 
Apples, D ed to 8s 
=k 
ae per 100, 148 to 
= Seville, por 100, 12s to 16 
— per dozen, 2s to 9s 
Beylirclos, por f kv.) encod 
r dozen, Is Gd to Be 
um 10s to 208 
T peck, 6s 
», per lbi 28 to 8e 
100 iv - EH $0 908 
Walnuts, par bushel, lor a0 80s 
“vaornasie 8. 
Cabbages, per doz., 6d to 12 6d 
Bron coli, per do: Rei 10 J I. 
Caullfiowers, per 
tichokes, per doz Dr 
french Bet ans, per hf. vua to 2s 
'eas, per aleve, be Gd to 7 
Sorrel, per hf.-sieve, 9d ie 
Po! ds perton, «/ to 
Fide A (s to 6s 6d 
s 1s 6d to Bs 6 
Kidney, ‘per bushel, 2510 4e 
Turnips, per doz., 
Red Best per doc, $d cole a 
Horae Radish, perhundle, 2s to 0s 
ucumbers, 
‘arrots, per bunch, 34 to 84 
Onions, per bushel, 6s to 7« 
SMITHFIELD, MonDax, Sept, 21.—Per 
l 
ea | Badly gapet score, Isto 1s 6d 
Vegetable marrow,p. 
1 
iy Bee 
Fennel, pes eei 
‘ory, per bu mae ad pe ad 
Thyme, por B neh, & s4 
Wato ; ban. d 094 
Parsley,’ er inch, ad von 
Roots, per bu 
Tarragon, 
Poi a 
x bunch, wo 
p Rreen, por bun to 8d 
Mario ran unch, dd to ad 
Chervil, per punnet, id to 84 
tone of 81bs, 
ess Sots, Herefords, & v4» Onda 2| Berlongwools = = ato cog 
t Short ne -3 Dito (shorn) = 4 6 410 
Second quality Beasts. 3 0 3 6] Bweaand second quality — = 
ves Ua Ditto (shorn) ~ 4 0 4 6 
Best Downe & Halfbreds  — Ims E Saa 54 60 
o (shorn) 4 
money 3s obtained.— 
t quite so plen: 
tul, #3 
Nowwishstondiag the supply E Pigs is large, prices ro 
bene galiri 
+4 23 tO de 
EU n have made rather over 
Beasts, 1132; Sheep and Lai 
RK- LANE, 
samples this momin and tl 
2s. per qr. advance, 
sive, but wi 
generally realised. The 
Wheat and floating ROPA 
either.—The top ne of Englis! 
for an advance, 
sack; barrels a: 
Chotoe Downs mak dis 
—Calves are not plentifal, and are sold quite 
MAR 
There was a fair supply of Pesene Wheat 
ole 
Business ta fco Pon eign 
where sales Ton EA ls. per qr. more money was 
Long-woola ation 45 Bü, Ewes 
s dear; ajew 
Si The trado for Pigs continues steady + 
imbs, 68005 Calves, Pi 
mithtotā. 
MONDAY, Sept, 2 21, 
by land carriage 
met a free sale at 
was not 
he wh 
e; dur 
is still some inquiry for bonded 
s, but the market is very bare of 
sh Flour is r 
el 
limited, — = Barley: st all sun ae must be written 1s. lower.—Beans 
are unaltered in v; 
—The Oat trade e. 
again 2s, higher. 
AGE at our A 
still sgn after, and floating cargoes are he! s 
per qr.—Linseed cakes are in good demand, Pr Foreign of all 
sorts Boga e 
ITISH, PER IMPERIAL QUARTER, 3. 3. [EA 
Wheat, ned Kent, and Sui folie te 50 64 ed 56 
Norfolk, Lincolnshire, ai kahire 50 60 White 50 60 
Barley, Malting and distilling oa todds Cheyallor 86 41 Grinds 30 80 
shire and Yorks! * ands 97 84 Feed 5 80 
— "Nox humberland and B00 + Feed 32 Potato 30 85 
. . ‘eed 26 30 Pots 8 82 
iis pio ship e MEL. . are 
rd. pd Sec] . MI B ` 
Ry 
eoi Mazagan 
old ind new E to p Haerow 66 40 
eon, Heligoland Winds — —  Longpod— — 
Peasy White 20 p» 46 Maple 85 42 Grey 34 40 
DAY, Sept. 25. 
Fri 
There was little Engish Wheat fresh u 
market, and it readily realised Ms extreme rates of 
and whe 
n 
Foreign is hel 
boy tk obliged to pay d pes ae morem 
be written 1s. higher.— 
fully bunc our quotations, 
me instAnogs 
QE 
for this ee 
Monday; 
re sales are affected. 
.—The Oat trade ib firm, 
AED 
a trifle dearer, but sales are quite ofa wo 
IMPERIAL divum GEN, 
| Wheat. | DOE Oats. Beans) Peat, 
Aug. 15 per Quarter. | ne A Sd| 98r 89; 6d. E n 
ma: OI eode 5| 23 89 9 
m E T d. 10 Ad icis 89 9 
Sep. 5 . . «| 49 » 81 0| 28 40 4| 87 i 
- r. . LI 50 88 7 93 40 11 88 10 
ints CH POLES Si ae 1. op 0| 41 40 5 
7 » 2| s 371i 
6 weeks Aggreg. Aver. | 48 0 9| ss z | 40 4 
(sel rol sol 2 5] 28 
Duties on Forelgn Grain — 9 0 
Diagram showing the fuctuations t 
Bink ime”. six weeks endin 
| Ava. 38 
Avo. 15 | 
n the price eh corn onthe average of the 
g Saturday, 
Ava. 29 L Sus 
— SEEDS, 
zii perar abit 
40 
Fore Ea, English, 
S, Sept. 2 
o 565 Li aceon 
43 | Must 
„ton 6/ to n 
Ford Ro 
S hite 
” 
reign n5, 
= White English - — — FEL A m 
Tander Foreign > = 5 | Rave = 
Gorlander ~: a == Jo 
empseed ^ perqr. a5 36| Taren, Ew “winter » bush. E D 
‘inseed e d od oroiga: E 
— Baltio 
v= Cakes, Eng. per 1000 9! 
agat dors moralon 
E R5 (too Mor e; e 
