698 
THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 
nominate a referee within ten days after notice “has | upon it. The next improvement that suggested itself 
been given in writing by the other party, the referee of 
the other party alone may make a final decision. If 
two referees are appointed, they are to nominate an 
umpire before proceeding to business, and the decision 
of such referees or umpire, as the case may be, shall be 
final. 
‘A. D. 
C. D. 
Mzwonawpvw.—In order to encourage the tenant to 
cultivate the farm in the highest possible manner, 
the said A, B. hereby engages on behalf of him- 
self and his representatives, owners of the farm 
let to the said C. D., on condition of the foregoing 
Witness the hands of the parties. 
covenants having "been fulfilled and kept by the said | 
C. D., his tors or that in case of 
the death or ineapacity of the said C. D., or of his 
having received notice to quit the said farm, and quitted 
it agreeably to and in @onsetuence of that notice, 
the said A. B., or the incoming tenant, will allow to the 
said.C. D., or his executors, administrators, or assigns, 
for such improvements made on the said farm subse- 
quent to the date of this memorandum, and within the 
stated periods, before quitting, as are contained in the 
following list, and are marked and enumerated with the 
figures, that is to say, so much of the 
amount of such expense as shall be in the given propor- 
tion in each case to such a number of years as the said 
C. D., his executors, administrators, and assigns, shall 
fall'short in the oceupaney of the said farm after ineur- 
ring such expense : it being expressly stipulated that the 
tenant is to give an account each year of such outlay as 
he proposes to make in matters of durable improvement, 
in order to obtain the owner's sanction to the proposed 
expense, such sanction being necessary in order to claim 
or be entitled to any allowance from him, and shall also 
render an account of such disbursements within each 
year: such account to be examined and signed by the 
landlord or his accredited agent, and to serve as a 
voucher for the sums so to be recovered by the said 
tenant; and that non-payment of rent (if the same 
shall have been demanded, and have afterwards re- 
mained unpaid for the space of six months), or non- 
fulfilment of covenants, shall forfeit any claim or right 
to'such all for imp: . 
"The proportion of the proposed conditional allow- 
ances to be regulated as follows :— 
DURABLE IMPROVEMENTS. 
If the tenant drains the land at his own expense, with the 
consent and subject to the inspection of the landlord or 
his agent, an allowance to be made for the materials and 
workmanship for [eight to fourteen years, as the case may 
be] years, so that nce shall yearly diminish in 
equal proportions, and be cancelled by years’ en- 
joyment of the improvement. 
2, For lime used on the land, with like sanction, the allow- 
ance to extend in like manner for four years. 
8, For marl or chalk used on the land, with like sanction, 
the aliowance to extend in like manner for eight years. 
4, For clay used on the land, with like sanction, the allow- 
din like manner for [sia to eight] years. 
5. gs erected on the land, with like sanction 
the allowance to extend in like manner for [twenty] years. 
TEMPORARY IMPROVEMENTS. 
6. For bones used on the land, the allowance to extend in 
like manner as to diminishing for three years, 
ght-soil used on the land, the 
allowance to extend in like manner as to diminishing 
- 
rs. 
Other mannres, às the case may be. 
sake used for feeding cattle or sheep on 
the land or premises, the allowance to be one-third of 
the eost for the first year, and one-sixth for the second 
A.B. 
year, 
* CULTIVATION IN THE LAND. 
The said C D on quitting the said farm in some future month 
of September, as aforesaid, shall receive from A B, his heirs 
or executors, or his or their incoming tenant, 
@ permission to consume his Turnips and other green crops, 
as well as straw, in the yards and farm buildings, of which he 
shall retain occupation until the following Lady-day. Also 
p i consume such a portion of his root crop in the 
fields on whieh they have grown, as he may, according to his 
usual practice, deem advisable ; the occupation of these fields 
ecu allowed him until the Ist day of February in the follow- 
o 
ng year, 
b the Market value to be determined by the referees afore- 
said of all made manure which the said C D may have upon 
the farm or premises when he finally leaves them on Lady-day 
as aforesaid, 
c the full value of all Clover-seed sown, according to his 
usual practice, with his last grain crop, 
d half the cost of the manure and cultivation of his last fal- 
low crops ; the same to be determined by the referees aforesaid 
according to their real cost and value respectively, 
(Signed). 
The above is a form of agreement on which I should 
be glad if you could obtain the opinion of your cor- 
respondents.— M. S. 
PROGRESS OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. 
T the late annual meeting, at Belfast, of the Che- 
mieo-Agrieultural Society of Ulster, Professor John- 
ston made the following remarks: -— In order to 
carry you with me to a clear perception of what che- 
mical science can, and what it will do to. promote agri- 
eulturalimprovement, permit me to draw your atten- 
tion to a few of the steps which mark the progress of 
agriculture in every country. When people settle at 
first in a country, and proceed to cultivate it, those 
portions as a matter of course, are always selected 
which require the least labour at the hands of the hus- 
bandman, which are most free from water, and are 
most easily tilled. After a time, however,it is dis- 
covered, that manures increase the quantity of.the crop 
—that the richer the land is rendered by means .of ma- 
nures, the more productive will be the crops grown 
, * All below this is added by cur correspondent, “Mr, Almack 
is not responsible for it, 
was a regular rotation of cropping, and here it was dis- 
covered that a higher return could be obtained from 
those soils which were naturally dry than from those 
which were otherwise—that they were more easily and 
less expensively tilled, and men were thereby led to 
adopt artificial means to render the soil dry when it 
happened to be wet, and to bring it into the condition 
of those which were naturally dry and fertile. This led, 
and is still leading in many places, to the introduction 
of drains, to the introduction of subsoil ploughs, and 
other improved imp which are factured in 
the country, and which have. prodticed what may be 
aptly described as a great revolution in the machinery 
by which the soil is cultivated. It being di d that 
[ Gen. 175 
on Barley ; and the object of the scientific inquiries 
was to ascertain whether and in what quantities these 
different snbstances should be used as manures for the 
Soil First, you had chemistry applied to the manures, 
next you had it applied to the crops, and finally you 
have it applied to the soils on which the crops are sought 
to be raised. This has come to be the most important 
braneh of the agrieultural chemistry of the country. 
But, the further step still remained, and now remains, 
for the chemist, upon which to engage his researches. 
I have told you of the difficulties which arose, and 
which were the cause of his being called upon to 
pay attention to the subject, with respect to the 
soil, the plants, and the manures, artificial and 
proper manuring and a judicious rotation of crops were 
the means by which the highest profit could be reaped 
by the farmer, it became to him a question, whether he 
might not apply as manures other sul than those 
It then struek the farmer to inquire if 
it were not possible to manufacture a description of ma- 
nure capable of producing a crop, which would not be 
subject to any of the disadvantages which the existing 
immediately within his reach. Hence the demand for 
the refuse of towns sprung up, and hence the price of 
landin their neighbourhood began to rise ; but still there 
was not found a sufficiency to meet the want. But very 
providentially it eame into the minds of some persons 
to apply bones as a manure to the land ; and not merely 
those which could be procured in this country were so 
used, but they were imported from different countries 
on the Continent as an article of manure. Some 50, or 
60, or 70 years since, they began to be used in large 
quantities, Places far on hills, which it was before im- 
possible to reach, by the ordinary means of carrying 
armyard:manure, and which had. before been left in a 
state of nature, could now be reached and manured, and 
brought into cultivation. I may instance as a remark- 
able benefit derived from the introduction of bones as a 
manure, that many of the wolds of Lincolnshire and 
Yorkshire were by their means redeemed from infer- 
tility, and rendered rich and fertile. You will observe 
this, that in the first place, the E d carefully 
used for that purpose are under, whieh will 
open any soil to produce any given crop? Now, these 
two questions, with respect to the crop and the soil, are 
different iu themselves ; for example— there are a cer- 
tain quantity of substances required fora certain de- 
seription of plant, and if the soil contain the whole of 
these materials, it will produce that crop ; if it contains: 
them all except one, then it is evident that only one 
is required, and that if the farmer apply more than 
one of them he is doing needless work, putting on 
the land what it does not require, and going to a greater 
expense than necessary. If, on the contrary, it con- 
tain none of the substances required for raising the 
crop, it is obvious that some substance must be applied, 
containing all the required ingredients. Whether the 
soil does or does not contain them, and by what sub- 
stances they can be supplied, in case it does not, is a 
question of the very greatest practical importance to 
the farmer, and it is this problem which the agricultural 
chemist is ealled upon to solve. You will observe, 
1 
collected ‘such things as were known to be of value, and 
afterwards other substances began to be applied. But 
their application was of different results—in some cases 
beneficial, and in some eases otherwise. The conse- 
quence of this was, that the farmer was deterred from 
using these manures, not knowing whether their use 
might or might not prove beneficial to him ; and here 
came in the first demand of the practical man on the 
chemist. There had indeed always been some men who 
held that the diffieulty.could be solved by means of 
chemistry ; but now it was, that an absolute necessity 
existed for the practical manto seek the advice of the 
chemist as to how such and such effeets resulted ; and 
thus in the first instance, chemistry was brought to bear 
direetly on the practical operations of the farmer. It was 
a question in which the profit of the farmer was con- 
cerned, and one in which, as à matter of course, he was 
deeply concerned. Next came the introduction of guano, 
which became a new instrument in the hands of the hus- 
bandman. It was at once taken up; the profitable results 
springing from it were so clear, that it spread over the 
whole of Great Britain, in a very short-period; and I 
have seen bags of it proceeding up the hills, to the 
places of the most distant Highland farmers. Guano 
came into use not to supersede the use of bones, but 
to give a higher manuring to the land. ‘The farmer found 
out that it could be used in a new way, as a top-dress- 
ing for Clover, Grass, and other green crops. It was 
found, that when the farmer applied it to some deserip- 
tions of land, it answered the purpose ; in others it did 
not ; and that while some descriptions of it were highly 
beneficial to him to purchase, there were others, which 
were of no use to him at all, It was evident that they 
were of different values, and it was manifest that he 
would require some person to check the adulteration 
of the article going forward, to instruet him as to what 
he ought to purchase, and what he ought not. There 
were persons, as there would always be found persons, 
esirous to take advantage of the ignorance of pur- 
chasers, and to,make money, at the farmer's expense. 
Now, the only means within the reach of the farmer, 
in this case, was to call in the assistance of the chemist, 
to tell the real value of this substance and of that, 
and to expose the frauds of the guano adulterator. 
This was another point in which the pecuniary profits 
of the farmer required him to seek the aid of the 
chemist, British guano, under various names, began 
to be-manufaetured, and to be brought into the market ; 
and it then became manifest to the farmer, that it would 
not be safe for him to use one substance or the other, 
until he had tested them by means of chemistry. Other 
substances, such as salt, gypsum, nitrate of soda, were 
found, when applied to the soil, in some cases, to be of 
great service, and in other cases to be injurious; and, 
in order that the farmer may be enabled to discover 
when and where they might produce a profitable re- 
turn, it was necessary to procure assistance from the 
chemist, "The men who were in advance of the rest 
saw this plainly, and felt, that by means of the chemist 
alone could this be solved. Tt was also found, that the 
same manures, on the same soil, would not do an equal 
amount of good, but were different in their results on 
different crops; and this opened another wide field for 
the inquiries and the assistance of the chemist.. This 
was to examine the different crops, and, by analysis,to 
determine the substances of which each was composed, 
what each contained, and what each required, in order 
that whatever was wanting in the soil might be'added ; 
and thus great attention began to be directed to agri- 
cultural chemistry. That which was found to be of 
that it is a question which directly bears upon 
the pocket of the farmer ; and, therefore, one in which he 
cannot fail to feel an interest. If the association which 
I have the honour to represent, or your own society 
here, do not profess to fulfil these objects, and to work 
out the solution of this problem, for the benefit of the 
farmer, I think neither of these associations nor myself 
deserve your support. I say this, because I believe that 
if we can point out the way for the more profitable cul- 
tivation of the soil, we do establish a claim upon the 
support of the agricultural community at large. In 
Scotland there were a few men who saw these points in 
their proper light, who saw how science could be 
brought to bear on agriculture, how a higher and less 
expensive system of manuring might be attained, and 
the profits of the farmer thereby increased, These 
few men more enlightened than the rest, put their heads 
together, for the purpose of devising some means of 
bringing science to bear on the practical agriculture of 
the country ; they established and organised a plan for 
working out this object, and raised subscriptions for the 
purpose of giving effect to their society thus established. 
In the first place, their object was to diffuse, as widel, 
as possible, the knowledge which they already possessed 
in regard to agricultural science. It was first pro- 
posed to make the farmer acquainted with what had 
already been done, in the way of making science bear 
on his pursuits, and this end it was designed to aecom- 
plish in various ways. He had been throughout Scot- 
land delivering lectures, and had everywhere been 
listened to attentively by large audiences, and to such 
as he could not reach with his voice, the newspapers 
had conveyed it. And, in almost every place, there 
were found persons to start local papers, periodically to 
diffuse the knowledge among the people. In some 12 
months, no less than 10 new papers had been started, 
all devoted to the publication of interesting agricultural 
information. There was another grand instrument in 
the promotion of their cause, which many of their mem- 
bers were desirous to engage with them, and that was 
the schoolmaster. There was some difference of 
opinion in regard to the expediency of introducing the 
science at the schools existing in their Society ; but his 
own opinion was in favour of it, and, in his private 
capacity, he was willing, by every means, to promote it. 
He was of opinion, on his own part, that the best means 
of reaching the next generation, to render it better in- 
structed in the science of agriculture, were through the 
sehoolmaster. More had been done, in regard to the 
education of the humbler class, in Ireland, on this head, 
than had been done in either England or Scotland. 
There was the training school, at Templemoyle, doing a 
great deal of good ; and there was the humbler school, 
at Larne, which was as creditable to them, in its way, 
as the other ; and there was the training school over 
which Mr. Skilling was placed, which would be a source 
of great benefit to the community at large. What they 
had to complain of was, that there was no school for the 
ledge to bear on his pursuits. 
it came to pass that this part of the country took 
such a lead in the manufacture of linen, and the pre- 
paration of Flax, he should be told, that it was owing to 
the introduetion of maehinery, to their adoption of every 
benefit to Clover was found to produce no such result | improvement ; and so he held it to be with agriculture. 
