45—1846.] 
THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 
747 
minerals, &¢., he should bind himself to pay at least the 
damage sustained bythe tenant (c). As to game, allow me 
to ask why a farmer paying a full rent should be obliged 
to keep rabbits, hares, partridges, pheasants, &c., &c., 
for the amusement of his landlord without compensa- 
tion. It would be no worse for him to reserve the right 
to turn on to his tenant’s land, horses and oxen, pigs 
and sheep. (d) The plan of increased rents is bad, and al- 
though generally adopted, is so unjust that I have never 
heard of their being acted upon to their full extent, but 
only as a screw to bring about a settlement (e). The sys- 
tem of cropping suggested by “ M. S." is certainly strin- 
gentenough. I should imagine he must have had the 
Rodings of Essex iu his eye—* crop and fallow ;" why 
Bean, Peas, Clover or Vetches, should be included in 
his list of forbidden fruits, I am at a loss to conjecture. 
In many parts of the country the two former are con- 
sidered the best preparations for Wheat; and it is 
quite a moot question whether Clover eut for seed is 
injuriouscither to thelandor thesueceeding crop( 7). The 
clause obliging the tenant to consume upon the farm all 
the green produce, even if certain loss be the result, 
and all the straw and haulm, without reference to the 
locality in which the farm may be situated, is far too 
stringent if * M. 5.” expects for himself or his employer 
a full fair rent for the land, Allow me to ask why a 
farmer, as well as any other manufacturer, should not 
be allowed to sell what he is at the trouble and expense 
of growing (g)? The scale of compensation for improve- 
ments is all very well, but the slightest deviation from 
the prescribed covenants bars the right of the tenant ; 
and I think few will be found to go heart and soul into 
the permanent improvement of a farm which they hold 
upon so uncertain a tenure, Besides, the skill which 
projects, and the untiring energy which directs the 
carrying out these improvements, are forgotten. There 
is ei deal of land which, in its present state, is not 
worth more than 15s. per acre ; judiciously improved it 
becomes permanently worth 30s. Will any farmer 
with sense enough to effect this alteration in value, be 
content with the miserable compensation which may 
possibly be so arranged that it would amount to next to 
nothing? No comprehensive and enlarged system of 
improvement will take place till landlords see it their 
interest to let to monied tenants, upon liberal covenants, 
at full rents, At present the landlords have a joint 
holding with the tenants, and very troublesome and an- 
noying partners they are. Before I conclude I would 
ask why the law of distress sbould be allowed to con- 
tinue. Abolish this law, the legitimate farmer will be 
Subject only to fair competition, and those who have 
neither the meaus nor the skill to farm, be prevented 
raising rents to an unnatural pitch by being accepted 
as tenants, the landlord knowing well that if the worst 
comes to the worst, the bailiff with his warrant, and the 
auctioneer with his hammer, will sweep Broom field, 
and he will be paid in full, though all others induced by 
appearances to give credit get neither money nor pity.— 
Clodhopper. 
Agreement between Landlord and Yearly Tenant.— 
In your paper of the 17th there is an article headed as 
above, in which * M. 5.” wishes for the opinion of your 
correspondents, I beg to say from the hasty perusal I 
have taken of it there is much to commend in it, and 
very little to object to; but I consider he is quite at 
fault on one point, and cannot have practically con- 
sidered the results. I allude to the cropping, to which 
I should think no farmer would agree ; that no two 
white crops of corn should be grown successively on the 
same land is not so bad, though. rather arbitrary ; but 
that no white crop should be grownafter either Peas, 
Beans, or Vetches for seed, is justsaying that they shall 
not be grown on the farm at all, as it cannot be expected 
that they should be grown instead of either Wheat or 
Oats or Barley, as in most cases Clover seed would be 
sown with the latter, which could not be done with seed 
Vetches or the like. Then, again, it is, I think, an es- 
tablished fact that Red Clover left for seed is not in- 
jurious but the reverse, and it ought consequently to be 
considered a fallow crop. There is another thing in 
which ** M. 3." has made a mistake in my opinion, not 
allowing the out-going tenant beyond the Ist February 
for clearing the land of his Turnips; what is he to do 
with a flock of ewes with young lambs at that time of 
year? and the incoming tenant cannot require all the land 
at that time for his spring corn, but he could havea 
part; these little matters might cause great loss and 
annoyance in case of any bad feeling arising, which 
might and could be avoided. It has generally, I am 
fully aware, been the practice to draw out agreements 
and leases for farms that could not be acted upon, but it 
is time that was altered; and, to prevent it in future, it 
should be done by men practically acquainted with the 
details of farming, and then it should be religiously ob- 
served by all parties to the agreement.—-W. B. B. 
Spital Hall, near Birkenhead. P.S.—No tenant would 
insure his landlord’s premises. I consider Rye-grass 
left for seed a cereal crop, and that it draws more out 
of the land in every way than a heavy crop of corn. 
[It will be seen that * M. S." has, to a certain extent, 
acknowledged, in his article on small farms last week, 
that Beans may be grown between corn crops. The 
proper distinction, we believe, should be not between 
seed crops and green crops, but between crops for sale 
and crops for consumption. “ M.S.’ farmed for some 
5 t 
g which he ad 
without growing Beans except as a corn crop.] 
Drainage.—l understand the general opinion on 
draining is to keep the drains 18 ft. apart. I have 
done some at that distance, and I bave made some at 12ft. 
apart. Now what I should like to know is this: If I 
make my drains 10 ft. apart, and 3 ft. deep, will I have 
double the profit than if I make them 20 ft. apart and 
3 ft. deep. If I thought it would not give me returna ac- 
cordingly, I should be very sorry to spend 8/. where 5/. 
would do as well. I make my drains as wedge-drains, 
slates or tiles, resting on an edge or shoulder, 6 inches 
Írom the bottom of the trench. Ilay them along the 
bottom, then fill to the top with the clay I take out of 
the drain, Do you think that will do ? [Your drains 
need not be nearer than 18 ft. Make them deep enough 
and there will be no advantage gained by increasing 
their frequency. Pipe-drains are surer than wedge- 
drains. The tunnel is more permanent. 
Mangold Wurzel.—I noticed, with surprise, in the 
Gazetie of October 24th, your remark on Mangold 
Wurzel, that “certainly it gives a peculiar taste to 
butter.” Knowing that your paper is extensively cir- 
culated among agriculturists of all classes, I feel 
anxious to correct a statement which is calculated to 
raise a prejudice in the minds of the inexperienced 
against the cultivation of one of the most important 
roots that the English farmer possesses. On a small 
dairy farm of about 80 acres, I keep from 16 to 20 
cows, and Mangold Wurzel constitutes the chief part 
of the food of these cows during the winter when in 
milk, The best evidence that I can give you that 
Mangold Wurzel imparts no unpleasant flavour to the 
butter, is, that the butter from my farm always meets 
um 
y dee 
with a ready sale, and obtains the highest market price. 
The value of this root is scarcely appreciated even by 
intelligent farmers; its produce per acre is much 
larger than that of the Turnip; the erop is a more 
certain one, asit is never attacked by the fly ; it will 
keep for twelve months if it be carefully stored away in 
the autumn, and it certainly imparts no peculiar flavour 
During the last harvest, where Rushes and Heath used 
to grow, it was covered with corn. Great credit is due 
to Mr. Davis for the example he has set the country, 
The Duke of Devonshire has set a noble example; he 
has erected a tile-work near Chatsworth, on purpose to 
supply his tenants with tiles and pipes: and many 
others I can mention in different counties that are 
doing the same. I am happy to say I know of many 
noblemen and gentlemen that are finding their tenants 
tiles and pipes. Let us hope the time is not far distant. 
when we shall see landlord and tenant put their 
shoulder to the wheel, and help forward the great work 
of draining throughout the length and breadth of the 
land. Thea we shall have work for the labouring 
classes; food for man and beast, without being so 
much beholden to other countries for supply.— Red 
Hill, Christchurch. 
Town Sewage.—In your Leading Article of the 
Agricultural Gazette of last week you quote, ‘ Give us. 
the refuse of the towns, and you may do what you 
please with the Corn-laws," Until within this twelve- 
month the town refuse in Birmingham was looked after 
very anxiously by the farmers, and the ash-holes were 
emptied without any expense to the inhabitants. But 
now there is a difficulty in getting them emptied with 
the charge of from 6s. to 10s, each. They contain from 
two to three tons. As a proof of the above, and the 
state of fever in the town arising from some thousands. 
of these cesspools and similar places wanting being 
emptied, I send you the following paragraph from the 
Birmingham Journal :—“ It will be observed, by a 
; notification from the guardians of the poor, that fever 
prevails to an alarming extent at the present time 
amongst the poorer classes of the town, no less than. 
200 cases having been returned by the district medieal 
officers last week. This is attributed to the filthy state 
of the ash-holes and cesspools of the back streets and. 
courts.” A friend informs me the farmers do not want 
manure, that he sold his horse-manure a few days ago. 
for 3l. (shillings?) per ton, which he always had six 
for. Can you give a reason for these strange changes 
to either milk or butter.—R., Glamorganshire. [You 
cannot speak too highly of the root; theless we 
cannot disbelieve the evidence of our own senses. How- 
ever, this taste may be removed by the use of a little 
stated.] 
Agreement with Yearly Tenants.— Your corre- 
spondent “ M. S." asks the opinion of others upon the 
covenants proposed for a tenant from year to year on 
a farm. e is evidently a landlord, and his reciprocity 
is all on one side, viz., his own ; his conditions would 
be useless with a bad landlord, and unnecessary with a 
good one, With respect to the first, he allows nothing 
to an outgoing tenant, whatever expence he may have 
ineurred, unless the landlord turns him out ; and yet 
if the landlord, under any circumstances, receives a 
benefit, why should he not pay for it? and if a land- 
lord is to have the privilege of removing a tenant at a 
year's notice, why should not a tenant have the privi- 
lege of quitting an unjust or annoying landlord ? 
Further, if the approbation of a landlord is to be ob- 
tained before a tenant can lime his land, or make any 
other improvement, not only may much time be lost, 
but a bid needy landlord would hesitate, consent, or 
deny it altogether, for fear of having a few pounds to 
pay ; so that a lease (so called) of that kind would be 
useless in obliging a bad landlord to do justice, and 
unnecessary for a good landlord. The only question 
to be decided between the two parties is, if benefit 
accrues to the landlord ; if so, he ought to pay for it ; 
and in case of buildings, the tenant ought to be allowed 
to take away his own, if the landlord or incoming 
tenant declines purchasing. In nine cases out of ten 
the bad tenant is so made by a bad landlord ; if a land- 
lord takes care that his tenant has a fair capital, and is 
not ground down at first by too early a demand of rent, 
which will prevent his turning his capital, and force 
him into market, a farmer is usually too fond of his 
occupation not to make a good tenant, Rent should 
never be demanded except one half year under the 
other, but needy landlords are exacting, and in seven 
years tenants are sold up, and during the last three the 
farm is neglected for want of means and despondency ; 
a landlord is quite as much indebted to a tenant, as a 
tenant to a landlord, and the advantages should be 
equal.—.4 Landlord and Tenant. 
Draining Pipes.—I have read with attention for 
some time past the different opinions that have appeare: 
in your Paper respecting land-draining pipes and tiles, 
and if a few remarks I have to make is worthy the 
columns of your Paper (and if not, burn them), you will 
much oblige * A Subscriber.” In the first place, I am 
an old tile-maker of 50 years’ standing, and for 25 
years I have paid great attention to the manufacturing of 
drain tiles and pipes. I ean assure you that I have 
travelled more than 1200 miles on purpose to inspect 
different tile-machines, Daring the past month I have 
travelled through 10 counties, on purpose to find the 
best tile and pipe machine, and best conducted tile 
works, I was much disappointed in travelling through 
different counties, to see how little there is done in 
draining land; my attention was much taken up in 
passing through different counties, to see how much 
good land there is bearing Rushes. This ought not to 
be. If our forefathers grew Rushes, we ought to grow 
corn. It is pretty well known now that subsoil- 
ploughing and draining will kill Rushes. For a proof, 
I will refer to Spring-park Farm (Mr. Hewitt Davis's). 
I can well remember, 40 years ago, I was over it. 
nitre in washing out the pails, &c., as we have often | 
to M. W. K? [Can you not find a sufficient reason in 
the unp d low prices of all sorts of farm pro- 
duce! Thereason must be local. If there be nothing. 
in the place to account for the circumstances as you 
describe them, then we must draw the inference that a 
high price of produce is as inimical to an economical as 
a low one may be to a profitable agriculture. ] 
Societies. 
ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY or ENGLAND. 
Tux first Monruty CouNcIL, after the recess, was. 
held at the Soeietys house in Hanover-square, on 
Wednesday last,the 4th of November; present, the 
Rt. Hon. the Earl of Ecxoxr, President, in the chair; 
Sir Matthew White Ridley, Bart.; Colonel Austen, 
M.P. ; D. Barclay, Esq., M. P. ; T. Raymond Barker, 
Esq.; H. Brandreth, Esq.; W. R. Browne, Esq.; 
Col. Challoner; F. C. Cherry, Esq.; B. T. B. 
Sq. ; 
Knight, Charles, Fern Cottage, Donhead, St. Andrew, Salisb. 
ane, London 
: ghley Park, Woolpit, Suffollc 
Scott, Robert, M.P., Stourbridge, Worcester. 
The names of 31 candidates for election at the next 
meeting were then read. 
INANCES.— Colonel Austen, M.P., Chairman of the 
Finance Committee, presented to the Council a state- 
ment of the Society's Accounts to the end of the 
previous month ; from which it appeared, that the- 
invested capital of the Society on the 31st of October 
last, stood at 70007. stock, with a current cash-balance 
of 15314. in the hands of the bankers. 
orato DisrasE,.— Mr. Pusey, M.P., Chairman of 
the Journal Committee, transmitted to the Couneil a 
report of the adjudication of the first prize of 501, on 
the foundation of his Grace the Duke of Northumber- 
land, K.G., one of the Vice-Presidents of the Society, 
for the best Essay on the Remedy for the Potato Dis- 
ease, and on its treatment in the various stages. of 
planting, growth, and preservation, to Mr. George 
Phillips, of No. 4, Upper Park-street, Islington, and: 
Analytical Chemist to the Hon. Board of Excise, Old 
Broad-street, London. Mr. Pusey also informed the 
Council that a further report would be transmitted in 
reference to the two other prizes placed at the disposal 
of the Society by the Duke of Northumberland. 
Sz. Joun’s-pay Ryz.— The Essays competing for the 
Society’s prize on the subject of the St. John’s-day Rye 
were received, and referred to the Journal Committee 
for adjudication. " 
Lax CuLrivation.—The Marquis of Downshire’s 
liberal offer to add the sum of 307. to that of 202 
already voted by the Society, for the best report on 
Flax, was unanimously accepted by the Council. The 
Essays competing for these prizes to be sent to the 
Secretary on or before the 1st of March, 1847 ; and the 
competitors required to state the reasons, general and 
particular, in favour of extending the growth of Flax in 
this country; along with any considerations regarded as 
being adverse to the practice ; also to explain in detail 
the most approved methods of eultivating the plant, the 
best mode of saving the crop, and preparing the Flax. 
