749 
45—1846. ] 
receive an hour’s instruction from their noble teacher. | syphon. 
THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 
in | peat what has been said elsewhere on the subject of prepared 
They were seated about two long tables, with their note- 
books, and in the apparel in which the Potatoes had 
been dug. It seems that the little republic of pupils 
had, by an election of their own, appointed individuals 
of their number to the charge of each particular de- 
partment of the matters to be cared for about the farm. 
One to the cow stables, one to the working cattle, 
another to the swine, another to the horses, another to 
the fruit, another to the rooms of study—the sleeping 
apartments—eaeh a specific trust. One was elected to 
be leader in all kinds of work. Each had been required 
to draw up a scheme for conducting his own depart- 
ment of supervision. These schemes were successively 
called for, read and dis l; and here it was I feit 
the real greatness of M. F. He elicited the warm but 
honest discussion of all the little points to be considered 
in these schemes, and found means to introduce a plain, 
easily to be comprehended, but deep and sound lecture 
upon the political economy, if I may so call it, of an 
agricultural community. The first scheme was that of 
the leader in all work. It was well drawn up for a lad. 
Each article was read and diseussed, or assented to with- 
out inquiry, as it seemed to impress the infant council. 
One topic I recollect partieularly—* Should each mem- 
ber of a party engaged in the same labour, judge of the 
excellence of the mode employed ? and should he ex- 
E 
press his judgment? and if so, before the work was 
commenced, while going forward, or when concluded 2” 
At first there was a little reserve ; then came a variety 
of opinions. All thought that each should exercis 
faculties to discover the best mode. Some thought that 
if a different mode would be better it should be made 
known before the work was commenced, as after its 
conclusion the discovery would be of little service. 
thers, again, that after its commencement, one would 
be better able to judge of the relative excellence of the 
employed and proposed plans, and that the time for 
expressing an opinion would be in the progress of the 
labour. Others still had different views, all of which 
showed that they have learned to think. The various 
opinions gave M. F. an opportunity to present the pro- 
minent features of a republican government—the ne- 
cessity of obedience to some head, and confidence therein 
—the duty of investigation, and the proper time, as 
men and as gentlemen, for the exp ion of differing 
opinions when deliberately formed. His extempore 
alternate inquiry, reply, and dissertation, was one of 
the finest exhibitions of what a teacher may attain, 
have ever known.— Zwéracted from Mr. Horsford's 
Account in the Albany Cultivator. 
or 
Miscellaneous. 
X Inslance of Grass-land broken up.—A very good and 
well-known farmer broke up a large field of pasture in 
1844, and, without previously paring and burning, 
ploughed and sowed with Wheat. The land is situated 
on a level, and not injured by wet. The soil is a mode- 
rately light loam of 7 inches in depth on gravel, which 
rests on a subsoil of clay several feet from the surface. 
The Wheat failed. There were thin patches here and 
there, with a very fine ear, and on the rest of the land 
nothing but weeds, — Mr. Bravender, in Eng. Ag. Soc. 
Journal, IY ee 
Superphosphate of Lime: Mode of mixing the Bones 
with the Acid and of preparing the Compost.—it 
has been recommended that a large heap of ashes or 
mould should be made with a hole or depression on the 
top, in which the bones are to be placed, the acid poured 
over them, and after some time the whole shovelled up 
„and mixed together. Now, if we examine into the 
effects of this mode of procedure, we shall readily per- 
ceive the objection to which it is subject. The ashes no 
doubt contain a considerable portion of carbonate of 
lime besides other 
very strong affinity. Thus the bones are robbed of a 
large proportion of the acid, of which they ought to 
have exclusive possession. And even if common mould 
is used, or any other substance which has no particular 
chemical affinity for the acid, stili this mould will me- 
chanically absorb much of the acid, and thus deprive 
the bones of hold it, therefore, as a point of 
much importance that the whole of the acid should be 
directly applied to the bones, and that no other sub- 
stance should be allowed to intercept or abstract their 
mutual affinities. A very convenient and cheap vessel 
for manufacturing the mixture is a sugar hogshead, 
having its holes stopped with plaster of Paris. It is 
very desirable to avoid if possible any measuring or 
weighing of the acid, as it is so very dangerous a sub- 
stance to handle. Many serious accidents occurred to 
my knowledge during the last year, and it is very diffi- 
cult to impress farm servants with a sufficient degree 
of caution, or even to convince them that a liquid which 
appears so colourless will burn their skin and clothes. 
In emptying a carboy of acid even into a tub it is diffi- 
cult to prevent a little slopping about and damaging the 
clothes of the attendants, as well as the basket, &c., 
which contains the carboy. To prevent these unpleasant 
consequences I have adopted the following plan :—The 
carboy is placed on a stage or cask the same height as 
the sugar hogshead, into which is put the precise quan- 
tity of bone-dust we intend mixing with the carboy of 
acid. The water is now added with a watering-pot hav- 
ing a rose at the end, so as to disperse it thoroughly, 
and the carboy of acid is then emptied by means of a 
* I have not found that any considerable quantity of the acid 
passes through the bones into the heap of ashes or earth; and 
though Mr, "sis the better plan, where his apparatus 
can be easily procured, I still think that the expedient I men- 
food for sheep and cattle. And, first, as regards steaming 
green food, the following facts were published some years ago 
in the transactions of the Highland Society. ios 
Premiums were offered by that Society in 1833 for the best 
reports of such experiments—the one on the feeding of cattle on 
raw and prepared food, and the other on the feeding of pigs 
They were awarded respectively to Val 
Haddington, and to Mr. Bosweli, of Balmuto ; the re- 
sults obtained by these gentlemen we now take the opportu- 
nity of directing the attention of our readers, 
The first point to be ascertained is the amount of the expense 
connected with the two modes of feeding ; the following is Mr; 
Walker's statement on the subject : 
Cost of th 
to the long end of the syphon on which the rose of a 
watering-pot may be placed. The syphon is now filled 
with water, and its long end closed with the cock, and 
the small end with the hand or finger. The latter is 
then quickly inserted into the mouth of the carboy, the 
cock turned on, and the acid will continue to flow till 
the vessel is nearly empty, without any assistance, so 
that the attendant has no occasion to expose himself to 
the injurious and offensive fumes which almost imme- Gi the, Beep fae no lbs. Val 
diately begin to escape. He may however approach- Consumed of Swedish Turnips -» ^ .. 937 0 16 £0 9 dž 
the windward side of the tub, and give the mixture à | 5s ObAtOSRH ae tios s 048 
little stirring, which should be continued for some little » Beans.. e 7 030 
time afterwards, so that the mixture may be complete. Tbumüte fof TM iau i M A 9 Hs 
A convenient utensil for this purpose is a fork with two i EUM SI is 
grains, long in the grain, bent at some distance from | Cost of one week of 3 heifers, or 7s. 4d. each 
the grains nearly at right angles, and fixed in a wooden | i e DUE Cr MPO TUNES . + fl 2 dE 
handle, On the same day a fresh lot of bones may be | per aces nash A UM S 
added, and the process repeated until the hogshead is | Swedish Turnips $e s 1 £0 8 [5 
nearly full. In two days afterwards the mixture may be | Potatoes .. — .. . ds S930 48 
shovelled into a heap, and either remain till wanted or BAUM = Sate 2 Aet i Pi 2 
mixed at once with a certain portion of ashes. It i: aH MS ot 
should be shovelled over several times and ashes added | Cost per week of 3 heifers on raw food, 
at each time of turning, which will thus render the | , 055. 54. each per week OG. Sc eee 
t of 
food .. on m E 
mixture fine and dry enough to pass through an ordi- E das 
nary drill.—2r. Spooner in Eng. Ag. Soc. Journal. 
Metropolitan Sewage Manure Company: Analysis 
of Evidence. had a set of experiments made at 
This additional expens: 
made up of the items of c 
per cent. more Swedes v 
Stirling, which gave very interesting results. I em- | food than by those which 
ployed a person there upon whom I could rely to make | ensure the trustworthiness of 
| taken before it was commenced to part the six heifers into two 
the experiment for me. He laid out some land in | 
rather a sandy loamy soil ; laid out portions; first, a | 
division he manured with farm dung and ashes mixed, | 
Al 
s 
1 lots, that no exception on t 
ingular result; and the probabi 
nce of this mode of feedi 
equ 
thi: 
the consequ 
the account N 
ground can be taken to 
ty that it is uniformly 
z cattle is confirmed by 
at the rate of 12 tons per acre, and at a cost of 48s. 5 T Sd of his other lots of wes i 
i E EN EU S egi | _ Two oxen on stea = cwt. qrs, lbs. Value. 
second portion, with the same compost, giving 16 tons | Consumed of Swedish Turn: S MM ^2 0 £0 0 
per acre, and ata cost of 64s. A third division, with | 5s Potatoes ede 0 0 
guano, 2 ewt., costing 16s. A fourth with guano, 4 ew | » M sig poe 1 fige 7 0 
" acr a cost of 32s. Another ridge, similar d ad leh nian carat dE 34S ete a 
per acre, at a cost of 32s. Another ridge, similar in |: t.e for coal aud extra labour dieses 
extent to the whole of this, was manured with sewer- 
water, at the rate of 16 tons per acre, and taking it at | 
3d. per ton, the cost would be 4s, Theaverage produce 
Cost per week of 2 oxen, or 8s. 64d. each per week .. 0 17 04 
Two oxen on raw food consumed o; 
EPI AA Ai m A EE x cwt. qrs. lbs. Value. 
(the different specimens were not ascertained sepa- | Swedish Turnips SUN GOD 0 £0 510 
rately), the average produce of the whole variety, the | Potatoes .. +. ++ 1 0 048 
dung aud guano averaged 45 bushels per aere of good | Beans Vp c Ear p ttes TBa 
Barley, That, with the sewage-water, averaged 4298 ++ ++ s+ ++ o ee 0 0 0 OF 
bushels per acre, showing that this small quantity of | 
16 tons had the effect of coming very nearly up to | 
the dung and the guano, but showing also that more | 
liquid manure might be given with safety. There was | 
a small piece tried without manure at all. The piece | 
tried without manure only gave 30 bushels. The see. | 
tion which was raised from the 16 tons of mixed manure, | 
and from the 4 ewt. of guano, both of them were rather | 
overgrown, and were laid in consequence of their great » 
growth. That which was raised by the.sewage-water 
was not so heavy as to be laid ; but it approximated 
very nearly to the bulk of the others. Two aud a half 
cwt. of guano, applied annually to an acre of land, 
would induce a very rich condition of the soil, espe- 
cially when conjoined with the farm-yard manure 
always available, and would even tend, in a course of 
years, to increase very much the amount of this 
deseription of manure. Taking the quantity of water 
necessary, from anal to furnish 5 ewt, of fertilising 
Cost per week at 6s. 9jd. each — .. e+ 013 6$ 013 6% 
Additional cost per week of 2 oxen on steamed food £0 3 6 
The Swedish Turnips 
3d. pev ew 
are valued in the above at 
Potatoes Is. 3à i t 
4d., and the 
i , and the Beans at 3s. per bushel, 
The following, then, is the summary of expenses during the 
i of the experi 12 weeks and 5 days:— 
Three heifers on steamed food, at 1, 2s. lid. 
per week - 
ou raw food, 
£M 1/38 
10 6 7i 
at 16s. 8d. per week... 
Additional cost of 3 heifers on steamed food oe 814 BE 
Two oxen on steamed food, at 17s. 03d. per week .. 
5 on ra 
1016 8 
raw food, at 15s, 63d. per week 2 $ 
812 
Additional cost of 2 oxen on steamed food .. — .. £2 4 6 
Now for the result of these experiments :—It must be premised: 
that the mode in which the value of the beasts when put up to» 
feed wa iined, was by putting a certain price ( 
g 
stone on the carcase in its then condition, and estima i 
weightatacertain fraction (— 1.) of the live weight of the animal. 
b 
tioned may be found sometimes convenient, —Ph, Pusey. 
matter, at 17,920 galions per acre, I give below an esti- 1s, the value of the 3 heifers on steamed food— 
mate of the cost thereof ; I give also an estimate of the AE v Roses dvi ID we soos us 3r 8& 
E € A cost Keep as a ve oe oe oe oe 34 
cost of supplying double that qua ntity, equal to 5 ewt. : d 3 
per aere of guano or 30 tons of farm-ya rd manure, Total cost .. es .. E -. 4819 Q 
Cost of manuring 1 acre with sewer-water . ..£0 12 9| Their value when killed— 
i ith guano, 2j ew t Su 1*"0'0 152 stone of beef at 6s. 6d., was .. .. .. 49 8 0 
iure, 15 tons at 4s. 3 00 
1eaper than gaano oe m 0758 Ttesulting in a loss on the lot of £0 9 0 
T "ure .. oe E OPPS. 
Ditto than the aver the twc . 1 7 3|The value of the 3 heifers on raw food— 
m 016 6 When first put up to feed was oe E e 3419 3} 
PH 2 0 o| Addcostofkeepasabove s. +. s- ~.. 10 6 3l 
I 600 pane 
Sewer-water is cheaper than guano .. T TEN Total cost ..  ..  .. oe  .. 45 5 10E 
Ditto than farm-yard manure .. e. .. +» 5 8 6| Their value when killed— 
Ditto than the average of the two vA ex eu Duss! RE 150 stones 3 ibs, of beef at 6s. Gd., was oe .. 48 16 44 
—Evidence ef James Smith, Esq. cf Deanston. Report 
HF Health of Towns Commission. Resulting in a profit on the lot of £310 5 
Instance of Grass-land broken up.—This farmer, an 
intelligent man, occupying a large farm, in the spring 
This experiment indicates the non-economy of feeding cattle 
with steamed food, and its results are corroborated by those of” 
f 1845 broke up 11 acres of down-la ather thi ip | the next. 
UT TM visco Es T3 down-land, rather thin soil, 3 one of each of thelots of oxen put up to feed had been 
eras ie Ral oR rmined to cultivate it in | slaughtered when the report of these experiments was drawn. 
two ways for the sake of experiment. He pared and | up, but, doubling the items of its expenses and returns, wa: 
burned the whole of it, and removed about half the | obtain the following account — 
ashes to other parts of the farm, which were drilled Thoma ae oie? SEE ned food when put up ee 
with Turnips. He then spread the remaining ashes,| Add cost of keep, asabove ;. 1. 72  .. 1016 &. 
and had about 6 acres of it breast-ploughed, covering \ - 
the ashes, and shortly afterwards went over it with | mheir value when killed odo 
Croskill's clod-crusher, in an opposite direction to that| 113 stone 8lbs. of beef at Gs, 6d., was — ..  ..£3617 3 
in whieh the land had been turned over with the breast y 
plough, and eut it into squares. It was then harrowed, Loss on the lot va? Da poii merv ea TES 
and the Turnips drilled, which are a good crop. After | The value of two 
removing part of the ashes and spreading the remainder to feed, was m 
on the other 5 acres, he sowed Turnips, using only half| Add cost of keep, as above .. +. +e 
thé seed, and then breast-ploughed the ashes and the 3i 
half quantity of seed in, and immediately after saved | Their value when killed— 
the remaining balf of the seed on the top, and bush- 16 stones 121bs. of beef at 6s. 6d., was .. ^ .. 3719 6 
harrowed itin. This portion did not answer anything 
so well as the other, but the Turnips were a better crop iret 
than some of his neighbours obtained after Sainfoin| Tt will be observed that, in calculating the above statement 
pared and burnt.— Mr. Bravender, in Eng. Ag. Soc. | of profit and loss, the value of the beef when fat is put at 6s. 6d. 
Tournai per stone ; while, before being up to fat, it was estimated at 
T | 5s. 6d. only per stone ; the reporter believing himself to be justi- 
fied in calculating upon this difference in the quality of the 
| meat at those periods, 
| In addition to these experiments, reports are given in the 
| wor we have alluded to, of others by other observers, the 
| lresult of which may be state 
oxen on raw food when put up 
Gain on the lot I AT e. +B LL 
Calendar of Operations. 
3 VEMBER. 
As on most farms the fatting stock will all have been tied up 
t farr iu the words of one of 
or put on their winter’s mode of feeding, it may be well to re- 
them :—“ Itis not worth the trouble and expense of preparation 
