‘the rich Gra: 
49—1846.] THE 
AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 
813 
authorities on draining into practice, in combination 
with this system, and, I am happy to say, with consider- 
able success, The old plan is, to put the drains along 
the hill sides, and not more than 27 inches deep, and to 
get the main drain on as high a level as possible, and 
therefore the side drains are almost on a dead level. 
It will be seen that such drains are liable to be burst in 
by the cattle treading upon them ; to remedy this, I cut 
my drains from 32 inches to 42 inches in depth, thus 
accomplishing two things: securing the drains from 
being burst, and applying to some extent the theory of 
eep drainage. In the old plan there is a want of fall 
for the water, and that renders the drains liable to 
Stoppage by the sediment which the water will leave ; 
and in some land the drains will be stopped entirely up 
ina few years by oxide of iron, or what is more com- 
monly called “canker water ;” add to this the effect of 
the water on-the sides of the drain, and on the sod that 
covers it, in rotting them, and it will be seen that want 
of fall is a serious mistake. I place my drains in the 
direction of the fall, with the main drain in the lowest 
Part of the field; no sediment is deposited, but the 
Oxide of iron is carried away, to the evident delight of 
ssesjthat immediately take the place of the 
Mosses. Again, drains running along the side of a hill, 
at whatever distance they are from each other, have 
each that distance to draw the water, or it has to per- 
colate through the soil the whole of „that distance ; of 
Course, it comes from the upper side of the drain, 
though some of the old drainers contend that such 
drains lay dry the lower side, but I never could be per- 
Suaded that water ran up hill. My drains being placed 
up the inclination, instead of across it, lay an equal por- 
tion of land dry on each side; consequently the rain water 
is not detained in the soil longer than is necessary for 
its communicating its warmth to the lower soil which 
it takes from the surface, and yet gives sufficient time 
for the water to part with the gases it contains in passing 
through the soil, As to the theory of draining, i. feel 
Convinced that my plan is on more correct principles 
than those of the old school, and I have no doubt that 
the drains will last much longer ; in fact, I do not know 
what limit could be put to their duration in a clay 
Subsoil.— 4 Craven Grazier, Nov. 23. 
Hocieties. 
ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY or ENGLAND. 
A Monthly Council was held at the Society’s house 
in Hanover-square, on Wednesday last, the 2nd of 
December: present, the Earl of Egmont, President, 
in the chair, Lord Portman, D. Barclay, Esq, M.P., 
T. Raymond Barker, Esq., S. Bennett, Esq., W. Blount, 
Esq. H. Brandreth, Esq, W. R. Browne, Esq., 
F. C. Cherry, Esq., J. Bell, Crompton, Esq., S. Druce, 
Esq, R. Garrett, Esq., B. Gibbs, Esq., W. G. Hayter, 
Esq., M.P., C. Hillyard, Esq., W. F. Hobbs, Esq., J. 
Kinder, Esq., F. Pym, Esq., Professor Sewell, W. 
Shaw, Esq., J. V. Shelley, Esq., and C. Stokes, Esq. 
B. B. Cabbell, Esq., M.P., of Portland-place, London, 
and E. Wood, Esq., of Stout Hall, Swansea, were 
elected Governors, and the following gentlemen 
Members of the Society :— 
Dawes, Edwin Nathaniel, Rye, Sussex 
Simcoe, Rev. II. A., Penheale, Launceston, Cornwall 
Richmond, George, Heighington, Darlington, Durham 
Bravender, John, Cirencester, Gloucestershire 
Barlow, Rey. Peter, Cockfield Rectory, Staindrop, Durham 
.), Beckenham, Kent 
n Stow, Faverdale House, Darlington 
m, Bishop-Auckland, Durham 
arbridge, Nantwich, Cheshire 
Park, Chester 
s si ri rt, rsetshire 
eMe Hi e Toke 3 Wall am-le- Willows, Ixworth, Suff, 
Matheson, T: Island, N. B. 
Walker, Capt. Robertson, Kilgarrew, Whitehaven, Cumb. 
Bullock, Henry, Marden-Ash, Ongar, Essex 
Harrison, Rev. T. H., Bugbrooke Rectory, Weedon, North- 
Maray James) Jaques Hall, Manningtree, Essex 
Higgins, William, Northampton 
Garnett, Robert, Wyreside, Lancaster 
Hewlett, Thomas, Northampton 
Palmer, Edward, 8, Lower Thames-strect, London 
Stanton, Robert, jun., Swaffham, Norfolk 
Jennings, Richard, Wargrove-hill, Henley-on-Thames 
The names of 16 candidates for election at the next 
meeting were then read. 
Finances.—Mr. Ravmonp Barker presented to the 
Council the report of the Finance Committee for the 
month just ended ; from which it appeared, that on the 
30th of November, the invested capital of the Society 
stood at 7000/. stock, with a current cash-balance of 
1395/. in the hands of the bankers. This report, and 
the various recommendations it contained, were unani- 
mously adopted and confirmed. 
Mr. Pym, chairman of the collection of Subscriptions’ 
Committee, presented the report of that Committee, 
which was also unanimously adopted and confirmed. 
Prize Essav.—Mr. Puser, M.P., Chairman of the 
Journal Committee, reported the adjudication of the 
Society’s Prize of 107. for the best Essay on the St. 
John’s Day Rye, to Mr. W. P. Taunton, of Ashley, near 
Stockbridge, Hampshire. 
Country Murrincs.—Mr. Pym presented on the 
part of the Stewards of the cattle-yard at Ni eweastle, a 
report on. the various documents referred to them by 
confirmed. 
Lord Porrman then brought forward the three mo- 
tions of which he had given notice at Newcastle, on the 
undue fatting of animals intended for exhibition at the 
Society’s Country Meetings, on the penalties to be in- 
flicted on parties who failed to send stock and imple- 
ments entered for exhibition, and on the means to be 
taken to prevent fictitious biddings at the sales by auc- 
tion, when an interesting discussion ensued, and the two 
latter topics, along with Sir Matthew Ridley's and Mr. 
Hillyard's suggestions in reference respectively to the 
removal of animals from their place in the Show-yard, 
and the conditions of prizes to be offered at Northamp- 
ton, were, on Lord Portman's motion, unanimously 
referred for further consideration and diseussion to the 
General Northampton Committee, which his Lordship, 
as its Chairman, had directed to be summoned on the 
Thursday in the following week. 
On the motion of Mr. Saw, seconded by Mr. BRAN- 
DRETH, a Committee was appointed to report on the 
practicability of appropriating, after the year 1847,a 
portion of the fund subscribed towards the expenses of 
any Country Meeting to the purpose of local prizes, to 
be competed for by such parties only as are resident 
within the particular district. 
The Council then proceeded, agreeably with the bye- 
laws, to appoint the Standing Committees for the ensu- 
ing year. 
Carrie Disrasrs.— Mr. Fisuer Honns gave notice 
that at the next monthly Council he should move the 
following resolutions ; namely,— 
l. That the grant of 200/, given by the Society annu- 
ally to the Royal Veterinary College, be reduced to 1007. 
per annum. 
2. That a Prize of 507. be offered by the Society for 
the best Essay on Pleuro-Pneumonia. 
3. That a Prize of 507. be offered by the Society for 
the best Essay on the general Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, 
and Pigs. 
Communieations were received from the Leominster 
Agrieultural Association, and Mr. Edward Angell, of 
Kensington. 
The Council then adjourned to their Weekly Meeting 
on the 9th inst. 
NORTH LONSDALE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
Ar the late annual meeting of this Society the prizes 
for the best cultivated farm were awarded as follows :— 
For the best-drained farm, George Robinson ; second 
best ditto, Abraham Atkinson ; best crop of Potatoes, 
Robert Barber; best crop of Turnips, John Butler ; 
second best ditto, John Coward ; best-managed farm, 
Thomas Coward; second best ditto, John Askew; 
third best ditto, John Garnett; best general farming- 
stock, John Butler; to the tenant whose sheep shall 
consume the largest quantity of Turnips on ground 
whereon grown, John Lawrence; to ditto, for the 
largest quantity of Rape, Edward Walker. 
INSPECTORS' REPORT. 
Gentlemen: In laying before you the result of our 
labours, we beg to state that we have had rather an 
arduous task to perform, not only on account of the 
number of competitors and the distance they laid from 
each other, but that in some instances the seale was so 
equally balanced that we had some difficulty in coming 
to a decision ; however, we can safely say that we have 
acted conscientiously ; and if, in any case, we should 
not have come to a correct conclusion, it must be attri- 
buted solely to a want of judgment, and not to any 
favour or affection towards any partieular party. 
* The first premium for draining we have awarded to 
Mr. George Hobinson, of. Newbarns, who has ent and 
finished 1051 roods of tile-drains at a cost of 48l. 10s. 
The second premium we awarded to Mr. Abraham 
Atkinson, of Haume, who has cut and finished 856 roods 
at a cost of 51/. lls. There were five competitors for 
these premiums, all of whom we considered worthy of 
credit, as they appeared to have executed their work in 
a permanent and judicious manner. 
** For the premiums for Turnips there were 13 can- 
didates ; the crops generally good, but in some cases 
not so clean as we could have wished to see them. 
The first premium we have awarded to Mr. John 
Butler, of Moorside, Kirkby Ireleth, who, upon a very 
poor soil, and in a field so steep that it would be next 
to impossible to take a cart of manure up it, has, by the 
application of guano and well thinning and cleaning, 
contrived to raise one of the best crops of Turnips in 
all Furness, 
“The next premium we awarded to Mr. John 
Coward, of Rampside, who has also great credit due for 
raising an excellent crop upon very inferior sort of 
ground; those have been sown with farm-yard manure. 
“ For the premium for Potatoes, we are sorry to say 
there was only one candidate. They were a very good 
crop, grown upon a piece of poor bog soil, and are the 
only erop we have seen or heard of but what has been 
more or less affected by the prevalent disease. The 
candidate was Mr. Robert Barber, of Low Newton. 
* For the best-managed farms there were five com- 
petitors ; the farms were all ina high state of cultiva- 
ion, and are examples of good management well worth 
following. The first premium we awarded to Mr. 
Thomas Coward, of Colt.park; the second to Mr. John 
Askew,of Knappershaw ; and the third to Mr. John 
Garnett, of Walton-hall; and we should have been glad 
if we could have bestowed premiums on the other two 
candidates, who, we consider, are worthy of great praise. 
the Council. This report was unanimously adopted and | - 
“For the best general stock there were also five 
competitors, and we had much pleasure in observing 
the very great improvement which has taken place in 
the breed both of cows and sheep, within the last few 
years, and this we attribute chiefly to the premiums 
offered by this Society, which have tended to create 
such a spirit of emulation amongst the breeders of 
stock, e have awarded the premium to Mr. John 
Butler, of Winder-hall, who has taken great pains in 
bringing every department of his stock towards perfec- 
fection. At the same time we beg to remark that Mr. 
R. W. Ashburner's horned cattle were superior to 
those of any other of the competitors. 
“For eating of Turnips with sheep there was only 
one eligible candidate, Mr. John Lawrence, of Flook- 
burgh, to whom we of course awarded the first premium, 
“For consuming Rape upon the ground there were 
four competitors. This premium we awarded to Mr. 
Edward Walker, of Lindale, who, upon a farm of 90 
acres, has 9 acres of Rape. This we considered a very 
eligible crop, not only as food for sheep, but as a good 
preparation for grain, or for laying down land for per- 
paration for grain, or for laying down land for perma- 
nent Grass seeds. 
* We may further add that we see a very great im- 
provement in every department of agriculture through- 
out the distriet, and we confidently hope that it will 
very soon be able to vie with any part of the United 
Kingdom in the production both of stock and crop. 
“THOMAS GIBSON, 
“JOHN COWARD, 
“JOHN LAWRENCE, 
“Ulverston, October 22, 1846," 
(Signed) ] INSPECTORS, 
= 
Farmers’ Clubs. 
Sr. PereRs.— Annual Report :—The following are 
extracts :— 
* Tenants’ Rights.—1. You all agree that every pos- 
sible arrangement should be made to secure good 
farming. Even moderate rents cannot be paid without 
it: the heavy expenses of the tenant can be met under 
no other system : the rapid increase of our population 
renders it desirable ; and it will secure the employment 
of the agricultural poor. 
“2. ]t is not likely that the capital and skill of the 
grieulturist, and the capabilities of the Soil, will be 
fully developed unless due attention is paid to the 
relative position of landlords and tenauts. 
'*3. Security of possession is most important to every 
occupier of land. Improvement in the condition of the 
soil is, to the farmer, what improved machinery is to 
the manufacturer; nor can there exist proper induce- 
y, in either case, unless a 
ining adequate remune- 
A farmer under any cireumstances risks his 
outlay; and he has many dangers and diffieulties to. 
contend with unfelt and unknown to mercantile men E 
but uncertainty of tenure (an evil too often inflicted on 
the tenant by those whose interests are involved in his 
success) places him at once in circumstances infinitely 
disadvantageous, and will be sure to operate on every 
reasonable mind in the production of a parsimony in- 
compatible with the best interests of the landlord, the 
labourer, and the country. On these grounds leases 
are desirable. 
** 4. If farms are taken on a yearly tenure the tenant 
should receive two years’ notice to quit, that he may 
have proper time to seek another home ; and care 
should be taken in the agreement that the landlord is 
not left with a starved farm, nor the occupant without 
a fair remuneration for his outlay. Matters should be 
fairly adjusted, too, between out-going and in-coming 
tenants. 
“ The following plan is considered likely to secure the 
interests of all parties concerned :— 
"hat the out-going tenant be paid for all work done 
on the Jand after his last harvest. 
“2, That all fodder, straw, and manure, found on the 
farm at Michaelmas be taken by the in-coming tenant at its 
full value. 
‘8. That half the value of the manures applied the pre- 
ceding year be paid to the out-going tenant. 
‘4, That all buildings erected by the tenant, or purchased 
by him of his predecessor, be taken by his successor. 
“ Lastly. That the real value of all their items be settled 
by fair arbitration. 
“5. It might prove advantageous to both parties if 
landlords were to pay the out-going tenants the full 
amount of the valuation, and take itfrom the in-coming 
tenants in yearly or half-yearly payments, so as to re- 
imburse themselves, both principal and interest, by the 
expiration of the term specified in the lease or agree- 
ment. It often happens that the tenant (though an in- 
dustrious and p ing man, p ing a good 
degree of practical knowledge), having to pay a large 
sum on entering a farm, is so straitened as to be unable 
to improve the estate ; still he would be able to do 80, 
and also to pay an increased amount annually for the 
benefit received, if assisted in his commencement, "This 
plan would give accommodation to tenants, and prove a 
good investment for landlords ; increasing the real 
value of their estates, while it improved their rent-roll. 
“6, It is hoped that all parties concerned will discover 
the mutual advantages of judicious arrangements ; and 
cordially co-operate to establish a sound system of 
‘Tenants’ rights? [Wise voluntary arrangements are 
ni 
better than Acts of Parliament; still some legislative 
interference seems required to meet cases where persons 
in the possession of farms are not protected by an: 
agreement with their landlords relating to the treat- 
ment they are to receive on quitting, but are left to the 
‘Custom of the country.’ A legal standard of appeal 
would be useful in such cases: now, the tenant must 
