51—1846.] THE 
AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. . 
841 
ORSE WORKS. —Wanited to Purchase, a good 
Second-hand HORSE WORKS for Driving Chaff-cutters, 
Threshing Machines, &c.—Direct to W. W., at Mr. Hares, 
Swan Stables, St. Martin’s-lane. 
Whe Ageicultuenl Gazert 
SATURDAY, DECEMBER 19, 1846. 
MEETINGS FOR THE TWO FOLLOWING WEEKS. 
Wouprzsnay, Dee. 23 Agricultural Society of England. 
Tuuaenav, — 91-Ag:leuluzal Imp. Soc, of Ireland. 
Tuurspay, — 81—Agricu'tural Imp, Soc. of Ireland. 
LOCAL SOCIETIES. 
Ross—Aatrim Union- County Cork—Lincoln—Portarlington, 
; FARMERS' CLUBS. 
Dev. 21— Botley | Bee. iet Newton 
— ` 26—Hereford — 81— Bulsover- Ottery St.Mary 
Ovx columns again bear evidence of the interest 
which is taken in the subject of Tenant Ricart. 
It is a question, the fullest discussion of which shall 
be admitted here —-no attempt to damp public feel- 
ing on this matter shall be made by us. 
It appears to us that there are two classes of 
thinkers engaged on this subject ; and as it is from 
the bias which they respectively exhibit that their 
differences arise, it may not be useless to staté the 
principle on which in either case this bias appears 
to rest. The one party, and our correspondent 
* R. L.” must permit us to name him here, with an 
eye—sometimes, no doubt, unconsciously—resting 
ontheday whenO wners and Tenants were Lords and 
Serfs—are for maintaining that form of this relation- 
ship whcih alone the 19th century will permit, viz., 
as regards the Tenant, a “loyal affection for, and 
ependance on” the Landlord. Words which if 
seldom so boldly used as our correspondent has 
used them (see page 780), imply an idea which is 
familiar enough to many. This idea takes its full 
development when its advocate is daring enough to 
attempt its justification on the plea of that serfdom 
which characterised the monstrous state of society 
prevalentcenturies ago—astate of society from which 
no man will coolly draw either inference or argu- 
ment except for use as warning or contrast. And 
this is true whether our present ‘Lords’ and Tenants 
e or be not the heirs respectively of the Lords and 
Serfs of former days ; a thing which, while it is ne- 
cessary for “ R. L.’s” position, he will find it some- 
what difficult to prove. ‘Chis idea of * loyal affec- 
tion, &c." takes on the other hand its most graceful 
and—if one cannot praise it, at all events—its 
blameless form in (as we are glad to acknowledge) 
the case of many a good Landlord and contented 
Tenant up and down the face of the country. And 
between these extremes it exhibits itself in various 
aspects of the “ Friend and Father” system carica- 
tured (?) by Mr. Dickens in the persons of ‘Sir 
Joszer Bowrey’ and his dependants. It is some- 
times harmless, as we have said; frequently, how- 
ever, disgusting both to Tenant and we should 
imagine to Landlord spectators also ; never praise- 
worthy, for this simple reason that it is the mark of 
that kind of inferiority in the many which all good 
men are trying to diminish—an inferiority based 
upon the want of education. By and bye we shall 
have all the land—as great part of it no doubt 
already is—cultivated by intelligent and upright men ; 
what then will become of the word ‘loyal’ and of 
that sort of ‘dependance’ which is implied by it, 
in * R. L,’s” beau ideal of the connection between 
Landlord and Tenant? The ‘affection’ will doubt- 
less generally remain, but it will be the result not 
of blind habit or hereditary dependance, but of a 
manly appreciation of character. 
And then the idea cherished by the other party 
alluded to will have full development. * The com- 
mercial principle’ which grants all that an honest 
man can ask for, will be the universal basis of con- 
nection between class and class. į 
. The best statement we have yet seen on the prin- 
ciple involved on the subject of ‘Tenant Right’ is 
that by Mr. Spearman, in the discussion by the 
Durham Farmers’ Club, an account of which we 
give in another page. We quite agree with this 
` gentleman in what he has said on the subject, and 
are sure that the best connection between Landlord 
and Tenant will be most rapidly obtained, not by 
preaching up the merits of particular schemes for 
the security of their respective interests, but by dif- 
fusing the benefits of education, then to confer upon 
the latter true inde] intelligence, an 
then leaving every man to look after his iuterests 
himself. Mr. SrzAnwAN was followed by the Rev. 
Mr, Tyson, of whose remarks we cannot speak so 
highly. Of course we cannot say whether the words 
used by him are in their ordinary acceptation accu- 
Tately expressive of his mind ; but if it is not false 
in sentiment, it certainly is most bad in taste to say 
^I hold the independence of the tenant to be a per- 
ect bugbear,” and the matter is not mended by 
urging that we are all dependant upon one another; 
or Mr. Tyson’s scheme of mutual dependance is 
d | with when it is nearly all arable.” 
illustrated by the simile of “a chain hanging from 
heaven to the earth,” each link, be it observed, de- 
pendant solely on the one aboye it. 
Our attention has been directed to a circular 
issued by the salt manufacturers of England for the 
purpose of proving the advantages which would 
accrue from the more extensive use of sALT IN AGRI- 
CULTURE. Thi circular contains practical evidence 
on the point in question, which is extremely im- 
portant, and places the value of salt for Agricultural 
purposes in so strong and conclusive a light that we 
feel justified in bringing the subject prominently 
before our readers. 
The circular contains letters from several prac- 
tical farmers of reputation, an abstract of Mr. 
Hannaw’s experiments with salt and other manures 
on Oats, Barley, and Wheat, contained in his Prize 
Essay on Manures, and published in the 5th volume 
of the “Royal Agricultural Society's Journal," 
letters from Mr. Corman, the Agricultural Com- 
missioner from Massachussets, aud a short letter 
which appeared in our Number of the 5th inst. 
from Mr. Tzzaarrr, of Clapham. 
According to the statements contained in these 
letters, salt has been found most beneficial in its 
effects when applied to light soils, at the rate of 
5 or 6 ewt. per acre, and upwards. The evidence 
combines to establish the following points :— 
l. That salt applied to grain-crops increases the 
produce of grain, and very much improves its quality 
and its weight per bushel. This point is established 
with particular clearness by Mr.HANNAM, and his re- 
sults are confirmed by the experience of the other 
writers. Mr, Wirson, of Aston Claverly, near Wol- 
verhampton, observes, * I last year salted a 20 acre 
field for Barley, at the rate of 6 cwt. per acre, leav- 
ing astrip the whole length of the field without ; 
at harvest the greatest novice might have discovered 
the difference, the salted being very superior in 
sample and colour. I last week winnowed 300 
bushels of it without a single bushel of light, a cir- 
cumstance which does not occur wilh us this year 
where salt was not used.” 
2d. That salt applied to Grass land has a very 
good effect, and renders the herbage much more 
palatable to stock. 
8d. That it has been found very effectual in pre- 
serving the health of live stock, and protecting 
them from the attacks of the epidemic. This is a 
fact well known and admitted. 
4th. That it tends to protect Wheat from the at- 
tacks of rust, mildew, and wireworm. 
r. WarriNGTON, of Charlecote, Warwickshire, 
states that he has used salt over 400 acres of land 
or upwards, and remarks: *I can confidently say 
that I never had in any one field, a yard of ground 
without a good plant of Wheat during the course of 
salting. When I first used salt I frequently left 
portions of the field as a criterion, and found that 
in the first instance the Wheat grows slowly in the 
salted ground, but as the spring advanced it 
strengthened and surpassed the other, and at har- 
vest it was much Stronger and clearer in the straw, 
and free from rust or mildew, and the produce aud 
quality decidedly the best." Some striking facts 
are also stated in this circular, showing the influence 
of salt in warding off or diminishing the effects of 
the Potato disease. 
Of course it ought to be a leading principle in 
the cultivation of science (and of agricultural 
science from its very nature more particularly) not 
to base conclusions on too slender an array of facts, 
and therefore we by no means assert that the value 
of salt in producing the effects attributed to it is 
absolutely established by the evidence offered in 
this circular; but we may safely say that a great 
advance has been made towards its establishment, 
and we have no doubt that the extensive circula- 
tion which we understand is likely to be given to 
the Salt Manufacturers Circular, will lead to an 
equally extensive trial of the article recommended. 
COMPARATIVE. STOCKING OF ARABLE AND 
HALF-ARABLE FARMS. f 
[Ar the December monthly meeting of the Darling- 
ton Farmers' Club, on December 7, Mr. Dixon, their 
hon. secretary, introdueed for discussion the subject of 
* the quantity and kind of stock there can be kept upon 
a clay-soil farm, half arable and half Grass, compared 
The following are 
Mr. Dixon’s remarks, with a copy of which he has been 
kind enough to favour us :]— 
Let us bear in mind that the greater the number, of 
cattle we can keep and feed upon a farm, the more 
rofit that farm is likely to yield ; and of course the 
more cattle that are kept the greater the quantity of 
manure will there be produced, more particularly if 
such cattle are stall fed. 
You will, I believe, recollect that at a former discus- 
sion a resolution was arrived at, that it was more eco- 
nomieal to keep a'l heavy cattle in the house upon green 
cut food during the summer than to turn them out upon 
the pastures, and that by doing so a greater number of 
cattle could be kept with advantage; and I am still 
ully convinced that stall feeding during the summer is 
more profitable to the farmer than turning the cattle 
loose upon the pastures. 
f we admit this to be the case, it appears also quite 
evident that a farm nearly all in tillage will carry a 
much greater number of cattle to advantage than what 
a farm half arable’ and half Grass would do. On the 
former, if a suitable course of cropping be adopted, I 
have no doubt but that every requisite kind of food may 
be produced, to keep more than one-third additional 
cattle, particularly [fatting cattle, over what could be 
kept if the same farm were half arable and half Grass. 
expect before long to see Linseed used as a general 
ingredient for feeding cattle on almost every farm, and 
not only this, I also expect to see every farmer grow 
his own Lioseed tor that purpose. It is true that Flax 
has from time i ial been cond das a scourg- 
ing and injurious crop, and therefore it has been in 
many farm leases and agreements prohibited from being 
grown; but for all this I-very: much doubt if it is a 
more exhausting crop than ‘several others that are 
grown ; and the principal reason of its being thought a 
scourging crop has, I believe, arisen from an improper 
course of cropping having been pursued, and thereby 
the fertility of the land in some cases injured ; whereas 
the great art in following out a proper course or rota- 
tion of cropping, is to adopt such a scheme that no par- 
ticular erop may follow another, which has already ex- 
tracted from the soil a great portion of the principal 
ingredients required for the succeeding crop, without 
first adding to that land such a description of manure 
as shall remedy the defect. 
I may here also name that at another of our former 
i ions * the P i dvantage and profitable 
cultivation of old Grass land as compared with arable 
land of similar quality,” I showed that it required at 
the very least two acres of good Grass land to keep a 
fatting beast for ‘a year, and I now wish to show, as 
clearly as I am convinced myself, that less than an 
acre and a half of medium tillage land, by adopting a 
proper system, will do the same thing, and feed the 
cattle much faster than the old method. There are 
already some gentlemen in our neighbourhood 
who are using considerable quantities of Linseed 
as steamed food along with meal, cut straw and 
Turnips for winter} feeding, and I may name Mr. 
Hutton, of Sowber-hill in particular, as having 
adopted this system. I had an opportunity, in com- 
pany with our chairman and Mr. Johnson, of seeing 
the whole process he adopts of preparing the food and 
the way in which the stock seemed to thrive upon it. 
He gave us in detail all the different items of expense 
that he was at in the preparation of the food ; and 
during the few hours that we spent at Sowber-hill, we 
were three different times among the cattle, and each 
time found them lying down resting ; in fact, their 
quiet appearance and healthy thriving condition was 
such that we felt perfectly satisfied that they were 
feeding in a very superior manner; and Mr. Hutton 
quite convinced us that by using the steamed food along 
with Turnips, he could feed at least twice the number 
of beasts with the same quantity of Turnips that he for- 
merly did, and that in a much less time. Now, in 
order to explain my idea on this matter, it will be re- 
quisite to go a little into detail to show what may be 
lone by growing such produce upon a farm as is requi- 
site for cattle feeding, viz. Corn, Linseed, and Turnips ; 
also. Rape, Tares, Clover, and Rye-Grass. Now, an 
acre and a quarter of land will grow 208 stones of corn, 
another acre and a quarter will produce 90 stones of 
Linseed ; and upon three quarters of an acre you ma; 
grow 14 tons of Turnips. Now these quantities, the 
corn being ground into meal, the Linseed steamed, and 
both mixed as required with a sufficient quantity of cut 
straw, will, with the addition of the 14 tons of Turnips, 
be ample for feeding four beasts during the whole of the 
26 weeks of the winter half-year. This would be at the 
rate of two feeds of the compound and two feeds of 
Turnips in each day. Then for the summer half-year 
I am pretty certain that it would be a considerable ad- 
vantage to give one feed of compound per day, along 
with mown Clover, Tares, or Rape, and by this means 
$ of an acre of corn, of an acre of Linseed, with 
l4 acre of Rape, Tares, and Clover, would be sufficient 
to feed four beasts through the 26 weeks of the summer 
half-year. Thus the quantity of land required to feed 
four full-grown beasts for a year is 6 acres. 
But the whole of the produce of the 6 acres would 
not be required; for you will recollect that in this cal- 
culation I named 13 acres of Linseed. Now, if the fibre 
on this 1$ acres of Flax be rough dressed for the 
market, it will yield a profit of about 127 10s., inde- 
pendent of the Linseed used for the cattle feeding ; an? 
therefore this being the case, if we reckon 5 acres, we 
shall be much nearer the truth. Now, if it be found 
by experience that Flax is a more remunerative and 
profitable erop than most others, I do not see why it 
should not be grown under proper management, when 
it is also seen that the seed is so valuable in the feeding 
of cattle, besides which it is now well'known that the 
manure produced by Linseed feeding is much more 
valuable than that produced by ordinary stall feeding ; 
but the most profitable part of the crop is the fibre of 
Flax. I have taken some pains in endeavouring to 
ascertain the expenses of rearing and preparing a crop 
of Flax, and I find that the profits thereon are gene- 
rall much greater than upon ordinary crops of corn, 
q 
and from the information I have got I am led to believe 
