842 
- THE ‘AGRICULTURAL ‘GAZETTE. 
:pDxoc: 19, 
that 40 Stones per acre is certainly not above an average | was, he thought, utterly impossible for the present meet- 
crop j' but which, without reckoning anything for the | ing to come to any correct conelusion; for although'Mr. 
seed produced, would yield a'profit of about 7/, per acre. | Dixon had entered pretty largely om the subject; yet 
The expenses of cultivating an acre of Flax, and pre- 
paring it for sale, will be about-as follows :— 
£. 
Rent of 1 acre of land . 
08 Fe . 
Ploughing, harrowing, &c. 
Seed, 23 bushels .. . 
Weeding 
Pullin: 
Saving and dress 
Watering and gr: 
Carting home E 
Seutehing 40 stones 
oocooooocooon 
Total expense per acre m .. £10 4°0 
40 stones of Flax, at 7s. «+ m eM 
18 bushels ofseéd, at (s... oe au iB 
Total produce per acre d mo Fon 
Deduct expenses as above e e LOS 
Profit. per acre e. m 
I must beg pardon for digressing from the question 
at issue, but-I have done so to show that it is desirable 
that each farm should produce its own Linseed for 
feeding, and that it is profitable to do so ; and also to 
show that it would not be fair to take the whole 6 
acres which I before named. into account for the feed- 
ing of four beasts for 12 months, but that 5 acres are 
sufficient as follows :— 
First, for the sumnier 26 weeks. 
Land to grow Corn for-meal .. 
, Linseed for steaming 
Se Clover, Tares and Rape 
» ” 
Total quantity for summer m 
Then for the winter 26 weeks, 
Land to grow Gorn for m. 
ea ^ 
» » Linseed for steaming 
» ,  Turnips 
Total for winter oo ^ so 2S "100 
Total for summer  .. m 2.8.0 
Totalfor the year |.. oe oe 6 0 40 
Deduct for the Flax crop — .- son oo 
Quantity of land required .. 500 
This shows. that 5. acres. of arable, land, of. medium 
quality, under proper. cultivation, is. sufficient. to~ feed 
four full-sized beasts for 12 months; whereas on a farm 
half arable and half Grass 8 acres, at least would be 
required to do this ; therefore this I think, shows pretty 
clearly that a considerable quantity of more.stock may 
be kept upon a farm in which, the.Jand is chiefly under 
the plough. Now, I would not. confine the system to 
feeding beasts ; if it answer-well: for fat stock, I don't 
see why it should not.answer well for milk. cows. and 
other heavy cattle, A farmer's milk eow, upon ordi- 
nary land, generally consumes. from an.acre;and a half 
to 2 acres for her summer’s.keep, and about.as much 
more for winter ; but I have. no.doubt if. the same cow 
were fed in the house upon ;cut food, with a feed per 
day of the compound, that.one half the quantity. of land 
would be ample for the same. purpose. Then if this be 
so, there can. be no: doubt ..but..similar. results would 
obtain in all cases of heavy stock.being fed in the. stall 
instead of in the pasture. 
From inquiries which Ihave made, I find. that in 
winter feeding»with the steamed compound, the follow- 
ing quantity is sufficient for a grown beast per day :— 
Linseed ^ . m s. i2 Ibs, 
Ground Corn .« m oe XO we 
Cut straw = f- 2 UE Un. 
Turnips E. 30 
This quantity is. given in two feeds of the compound 
and two feeds of Turnips, and a little straw is also given 
at night. Milk cows and other cattle might have one 
feed per day of this compound along with their ordinary 
food. The great advantage derived from the use of the 
compound which I have now partially described, seems 
to arise in different ways—Ist, from the food being cut, 
round, and given in a warm state, both mastication and 
igestion are considerably assisted, and thereby the 
animals obtain more rest, and consequently fatten in 
less time. 2d— By using the compound a greater num- 
ber of cattle can be fed, which is a very important mat- 
ter, more particularly where Turnips are not plentiful ; 
and 3d, the manure produced by this method of feeding 
is found to be more yaluable than by Turnip-feeding only. 
Henry Chaytor, Esq., of Clerveaux Castle, said that 
if the system of stall or box-feeding cattle were carried 
out to a greater extent tham at present, he had no 
doubt but that it would be beneficial, more particularly 
if the Linseed required for the purpose was cultivated 
and grown upon the farm where if was consumed, and 
he had very little doubt but that the system detailed by 
Mr. Dixon might be carried out successfully as well as 
beneficially, and if the fibre of the Flax could be profit- 
ably saved and prepared for the-manufacture, which he 
did not sce any reason to doubt, he thought it would be 
the means of producing a good deal of labour in vacant 
seasons for the wives and families of the labouring men, 
which he considered would be'a very good thing. Now 
a good deal had been said with regard to Flax being 
an exhausting crop, and no doubt it might be so ; yet 
he had reason to believe that Wheat and some other 
crops were also exhausters' of“ the’land, perhaps as 
much as Flax ; therefore, in’ that respect he fancied 
there was no difficulty but what could be removed by 
judicious cultivation, and a proper course of cropping. 
ut in discussing this ‘subject there were so man 
things which ought to be taken into account, that it 
there were many points. which bore upon the subject 
that would require:explanation yas for instance, he had 
not shown how it would answer to stall feed in summer 
with Grass eut-from «old. sward; in comparison: with 
Tares, Clover, or Rape, He, also»thought,that--Mr. 
Dixon’s estimate of. the expenses of .cultivating an. acre 
of land and winning the Flax was too high, as was also 
the value that he put,upon the Flax itself, and perhaps 
upon the whole he had shown rather too great a profit 
upon an aere of Flax upon ordinary land; yet there 
was no doubt but the profit would be equal, if not su- 
perior to the profits upon ordinary crops of corn, if at 
all judieiodsly managed. . 
Mr. Walton said that the system of: house-feeding 
cattle, as described by Mr. Dixon would:impose a con- 
siderable inerease of labour, and labour in his neigh- 
bourhood was scarce, and he was afraid that i& would be 
difficult'to carry the scheme out to advantage except in 
large establishments where men could be specially em- 
ployed to attend to the preparation of the food and feed- 
ing of the cattle only. 
FORM OF SCOTCH’ LEASE, 
Hayrne seen the subject of leases discussed in your 
columns, I send you a draught of one which I consider 
advantageous both for landlord and tenant.—T7.' P. D 
* Itis contracted, agreed, and finally ended, between 
the parties following, viz. A.B., proprietor of the lands 
and others after mentioned on the one part, and C. D. 
present tenant of the farm of on the other, part, 
in manner following, that is. to say the said A. D. sets, 
and in tack. and assedation lets, to the said C.: D., 
and his heirs and executors, the farm and pre- 
mises called, E., in. the parish of F.,and county of G., 
all as presently occupied by H. J., on a lease of 20 years, 
from the term of Michaelmas, 1847, but expressly ex- 
eluding all: sub-tenants or assignees whether partial or 
total, legal-or’ conventional. nd the said A. B. 
reserves to himself, his heirs: and successors, all wood, 
timber, and underwood, growing or to be grown, upon 
the said farm of E,, with full right to him and them, or 
those having his or, their. authority, to enter: the said 
lands for the purpose of cutting, and carrying away the 
same, and if necessary to make roads for that purpose, 
always providing that, the said A, D. or his,aforesaids, 
shall pay to the said C. D. or his aforesaids, all surface 
damage done in the said cutting and carrying away of 
the foresaid wood or timber, and that at the valuation of 
neutral men mutually chosen, or their umpire. And 
the said A, B. reserves to himself and his aforesaids all 
mines and. minerals in: the said: farm’of E., with full 
right to work, win, and: carry away the same, and if 
necessary to make roads, for.that purpose, the surface 
damage being fixed.and. paid. for. as above. Also the 
said A. B. reserves.to himself. and his aforesaids all the 
game upon the.said farm with full liberty for him or 
them,or those having hisor their authority, to enter upon 
and hunt, shoot, or course over the said farm of E. 
Also the said A. B. reserves to himself and his afore- 
saids a right of altering old or making new roads 
through the said farm, and of straightening marches 
with the neighbouring proprietors or tenants, and the 
value of the land added to or taken from the said farm 
by such alterations to -be fixed by neutral men chosen 
as aforesaid, and. the said value to be added to or taken 
from the rent after-named as the case may be. And on 
the other part the said C. D. binds and obliges himself, 
his heirs and executors; to pay to the, said A. B. or his 
heirs and successors, or to his or their agent for the time 
being the sum of £ sterling, of annual rent, and that 
at two terms in the year, viz. Michaelmas and Lady- 
day, and commencing the said termly payments at the 
term of Michaelmas, 1848, and so on yearly and termly 
thereafter during the currency of this lease, and in case 
of failure in any of the termly: payments, the said C. D. 
shall be bound as he hereby binds:and obliges himself 
and his aforesaids, to pay legal: interest: thereon during 
non-payment thereof. And further, the said C. D 
binds and obliges himself and) his aforesaids to pay as 
they become due all.publie and parochial burdens (ex- 
cept landlord’s income-tax .and land-tax). Also to 
insure the buildings against loss by fire with some re- 
spectable insurance company, and to produce their 
receipts when required to do so ; and to keep the said 
buildings: andall gates and fences in good tenantable 
condition and repair, the proprietor supplying material 
in the rough for that purpose. And it is hereby ex- 
pressly provided and declared that at no time during 
the curreney of this lease shall any of the Grass land 
be broken up without the permission in writing of the 
proprietor or his agent for the time being. And in the 
event of any of the said Grass land being broken up 
without such permission, the said C. D. hereby binds 
and obliges’ himself and his aforesaids to pay to the 
said A. B. or his foresaids, or to his or their agent for 
the time being the sum of 4/, of additional annual 
rent for each acre so broken up, and that not as a penal 
but a stipulated rent. And in regard to the cultivati 
| during the currency of this: shallany straw, fodder, 
or green erop be sold or:earried-0ff the-farm, but shall 
all be consumed thereon. " And/further' it is proyided 
and declared, that at the termination of this lease the 
said C. D. or his foresaids shall leave to the proprietor 
or his ineoming tenant at least one-third of the whole 
arable land as a fallow brake. And further, in con- 
sideration of much of the said lands of E. being wet, 
the said A. B, hereby binds.and obliges himself and his 
foresaids to thorough drain all the said wet land, and 
that within the first five years of this lease, for which 
the said C. D. binds and obliges himself and. his fore- 
saids to pay to the said A. B. and his foresaids, or to 
his or their agent for the time being in addition to and 
along with the rent aforesaid, 5 per cent. per annum on 
the amount so expended, commencing the first payment 
at the first term after the work is done. And further, 
upon the said C. Dior his foresaids leaving the-said 
farm of E. at the conclusion of this | lease, viz. 
Michaelmas 1867, the ‘said A. B. binds and obliges 
himself {and his foresaids, or his or their in-coming 
tenant, to give to the said C. D., or, his foresaids, full 
permission to consume. his T s and other green 
crops, as well as straw, in the yards and farm-buildings, 
of which he shall retain oecupation until. the following 
Lady-day (but providing that the in-coming tenant 
shall have the use of the stable, hay-room, eart-shed, 
and dwelling-house) ; also permission to consume such a 
portion of his root crop in the field on which they have 
grown as he may, according to his usual practice, deem 
advisable, the occupation of these! fields: being allowed 
him until the 1st of Feb. in the following year (1868) ; 
also. the. market value (to be determined. by-neutral 
men mutually .chosen, . or their umpire) ofall made 
manure which, may be on the farra or: premises when 
he finally leaves them at, Lady-dayy as,aloresaid ;..also 
the full value of all Clover and bay-seed sown, according 
to his usual practice, with his last grain crop ;* also half 
the cost of the manure and cultivation of his or their last 
fallow crops, the same to be determined by the referees 
aforesaid, according to their rea! cost and value respèct- 
ively, ` And further the said C. D. binds and ‘obliges 
himself and his foresaids to remove forth ‘and from the 
said farm of E, at the aforesaid term. of Michaelmas, 
with the pti above ioned ; and finallycto 
remove his or their servants, cattle, goods, and, chattels 
at foresaid term. of Lady-day, 1868, without, any: warn- 
ing whatever, and in ease of failure the said C.D, binds 
and obliges himself and his foresaids to pay to the said 
A. B. or his foresaids, or to his or their agent for the 
time, 4/. sterling of additional rent for each. acre so 
oceupied after the aforesaid terms of removal, and that 
not asa penal, but as a stipulated rent. ‘And: lastly 
both parties bind and oblige themselves and their fore- 
saids to fulfil the foregoing covenants to each/ other, 
and. that: under a penalty of £ . sterling, to bespaid by 
the party failing to the party observing or willing! to 
observe, and that over and above performance pand eon- 
sent to the registration hereof in the books. of council 
and session, or others competent, therein to remain, for 
preservation; and, if necessary, that letters of horning, 
and all other execution, may pass hereon in, form,as 
effeirs, and for that purpose constitute 
our proeurators." 
In witness whereof, &c." 
Home Correspondence. 
Tenant Rights.—The tenant right question appears 
to me to have never yet been -presented fairly to: public 
consideration. Itis the subject of frequent.diseussion 
at farmers’ clubs, and has not seldom been-handledsby 
your own correspondents; yet I confess, my, opinion 
that there have been great defects in. the arguments 
hitherto brought forward, arising chiefly from»their 
one-sidedness, whilst the case itself has been shrouded 
too much in generalities. With your permission I will 
throw out a few scattered ideas on the subject, for, the 
purpose of promoting reflection and future discussion 
amongst your numerous correspondents interested in 
the question. | If I haverightly collected the prevailing 
i at: the; di: j ave before alluded:to, 
I shall be correct in» stating the tenant/s demand tobe, 
that.at the: termination of his tenancy he. shalbreceive 
compensation from his landlord. or the in-eoming; tenant 
for the improved condition of his farm duxing his oecu- 
pancy, whether from the erection or repair of buildings, 
drainage, or superior management of his land, such im- 
provements having been accomplished at the tenant’s 
eost exclusively. Now it must be evident to all dis- 
passionate minds that a claim so broadly based as this 
would. operate with the greatest injustice to landlords, 
and would ultimately re-act. against: tenants. || T admit 
that it is the duty as well as the interest ofa landlord 
to grant his tenant such a termand interest inithedand 
as will enable him to secure a beneficial return fromthe 
investment of his capital in the best and most approved 
system of husbandry, and I assume a 21 years’ lease 
absolute to be the proper period ; but having done this, 
I deny that a tenant can have any just claim on. his 
landlord for eompensation at the end of his term, for 
of the said lands of E. it is hereby expressly provided 
and declared that’ at no time during the currency of 
this lease shall there be more than one crop suffered to 
mature its seed on the same ground without a fallow or 
green crop intervening; but providing that should 
the said C. D. or his foresaids see fit, he or they shall 
be allowed, but not oftener than once in six years, to 
take a erop of Beans, Peas, or other pulse crop. 
itis further provided and declared that at no time 
any imp ay make on his farm, whether 
by drainage or superior ‘cultivation, or otherwise, un- 
less by mutual agreement between them. The Jandlord 
has an absolute moral right to expect that his Jand shall 
be managed according to the most improved: course of 
husbandry ; and if we are.to have recourse to legislative 
enactments to settle the relative rights between land- 
lord and tenant, I do not know that a more reasonable 
The next claim, though most desirable, I have neyer,seen 
x 
| in a Scoteh lease, 
