52—1846.] 
THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 
_ 859 
matter in some shape or other. Farmers, as they 
become more scientifically educated, will better under- | led 
stand the necessity and advantage of encouraging every 
attempt at imp: t in the prep i f manure, 
and projects now sneered at will then be seriously con- 
sidered and tried before they are condemned. our 
correspondent says that I have not mentioned the cost 
of the tower, mill, and sheds—the 3d. per cubic yard 
ineludes the cost of the tower, erane, and grab, from an 
estimate given to me by a respectable builder, but ex- 
clusive of cartage of materials, and itis presumed that 
considerable labour would be rendered by the farm ser- 
vants, and in this way further reduce the expense of con- 
structing the tower ; the mill also (as I said before, it will 
bea very small affair), is included in the charge of 3d. on 
the cubic yard. In many situations, where rough. stone 
and timber could be procured, the cost would be below 
my estimate, I thought it a better plan to put the 
expence in the form of a permanent charge, than to 
occupy your pages with the details of it, The shed is 
not included in the estimate, because very simple and 
cheap substitutes could be found for it; indeed, it is very 
probable they would not be needed at all, or only such 
as were on the premises, The liquid manure tank is 
not necessarily a part of my plan, but the best situation 
for it would be under the tower ; tanks are very expen- 
sive structures, much more so in proportion to their 
cubic capacity than a tower would be ; my plan would 
do away with the necessity of having them so large, and 
here would be a considerable saving, which ought to be 
dedueted from the eost of the tower, &c., and in places 
where there are walled receptacles for holdiug manure, 
they also should be dedueted as being unnecessary 
under a different system of managing manure. 
I will now eonelude by repeating my firm conviction, 
that a time will come when: we shall need every available 
means to enable us tomake the most of ourfarm manure, 
and by some such plan as I have described. I believe 
it to be astep towards further improvements, having a 
national object in view, and it will afford me great plea- 
sure to see others take it up, but it must not be in the 
spirit of your Cornish correspondent, Mr. Henry Adams. 
— Henry Liddell, Beverley-road, Hull, Dec. 14. 
Home Correspondence. 
Richmond Testimonial.—I hope you will allow mea 
corner of your Journal to express the gratification I 
feel atthe announcement of the formation of an Insti- 
tution for Tenant Farmers reduced by adverse cireum- 
stances. I cannot collect from the publie papers the 
exact particulars of the proposed establishment ; indeed, 
they seem to be not yet fully matured. But enough 
appears to satisfy me of the benevolent and very useful 
character of the Institution, and sincerely do I applaud 
the disinterested conduct of the nobleman who appears 
to have originated it, for instead of appropriating the 
large sum of money raised for the purpose of a testi- 
monial to himself for his past exertions in behalf of the 
farmers, I understand that he at once expressed the 
manly wish that it should be applied to some such ob- 
ject as this. In my mind this is genuine philanthropy; 
I earnestly hope that this benevolent project will meet 
with the support of every agriculturist in the kingdom, 
and that all will unite in promoting a scheme which, if 
fully carried out,will afford assistance to their brethren, 
in the hour of-distress, and a refuge to them in.old age. 
Iam ready to add my humble contribution towards 
this charitable purpose, and shall be happy to forward 
it through the medium of your Agricultural Journal, 
if so permitted.—F., Berks. [We shall be happy to 
receive and transmit subscriptions ; or they may be at 
once sent to Mr. W. W. Burrell, No. 18, North-street, 
Brighton.] 
Threshing Machine v. Flail.—I xead with some in- 
terest the article in your last paper—“ Threshing Ma- 
chine v. Flail ;" and whilst on-the one hand I am no 
opponent of the former on the score of injury to the 
labourer, for I believe itis innocent of any such trans- 
gression, yet, on the other hand, it seems to me that 
its advocates have been far too lenient in passing over, 
or but slightly adverting to, its injurious effects on the 
grain, more especially Barley. These are so great, as 
in many cases to render the corn so threshed totally 
unfit for malting purposes. I speak not lightly ; but 
from an experience of 15 years to the extent of 8000 to | th, 
10,000 quarters annually, and to prove the immense 
superiority to the maltster of flail-threshed over engine- 
threshed Barley, I inclose samplesof malt, both at 14 
days’ old from the couch and ready for the kiln. * Look 
on this picture and on that!” Now turn to the other 
two samples of dry Barley—the one from the engine, 
the other from the flail. Naturally, the first is the 
best; but it has been so skinned, broken, and be- devilled 
by the machine, as to be, if not wholly unfit, greatly in- 
jured for malting purposes. It has been literally engine- 
turned from a malting to a grinding Barley. Shillings 
per quarter would not make it,equal to the flailed. 
may be told that the engine here used was a bad one, or 
if good, improperly used. Itis an old but a true say- 
ing, that bad workmen often complain of their tools. I 
do not believe in theexistence of bad machines. Agri- 
cultural mechanism is far too advanced in the present 
day to warrant any such belief ; but I certainly do be- 
lieve they are too often abused by unskilful persons, who, 
penny-wise and pound-foolish, do not:care how they mu- 
tilate the corn, so as they but get it out of the straw. If 
Tam told that this is an argument rather against the 
abuse than the use ofthe machine, my answer is that 
this is no remedy for the evil, We, the malsters, can- 
=) 
" 
lknow-|, 
not pretend to instruct the farmers in 
ge. The fault may rest with them ; but the effects 
must be and are visited onus. In plain English the 
machines are ruining our best Barleys.—Samuel Taylor, 
Stoke Ferry. > (The samples certainly bear out the as- 
sertions of our correspondent. That there are, how- 
ever, machines which when properly worked, answer 
better in this, or in all other respects, than the flail, is 
evident from the partiality of Scotch maltsters for engine- 
threshed Barley. | 
Tenants’ “Rights.—A great deal of your valuable 
Paper has been taken up lately with tenants’ rights ; 
what are they? There seems to be as-many different 
opinions on that subject as there are on the Potato 
disease. Isee by the Daily News, of the 12th inst., 
that Mr. Pusey said at the Smithfield Club dinner that 
he had drawn up a lease for his tenants, which he found 
to work well, but will he-undertake to say that it would 
work well forall places and.all counties ? The eustom 
of the county is another thing that the farmers talk 
much of ; whatis it? ‘Will any onesay that the custom 
of Middlesex (I believe there is none) would do for 
Buckinghamshire. I believe that no code of laws ean 
be drawn up to suit all parties and all places. Land- 
lords’ rights and tenants’ rights seem to.me to lie ina 
nut-shell. I would say to the tenant come out, and 
leave your “ law” craft behind you ; and to the landlord, 
throw all your little prejudice overboard; meet each 
other upon just terms; look at the state the farm is in ; 
if itis near the market or far off, roads good or bad; 
and then throw customs of the county and all other 
Ploughi : 
your ipondents *J. S.” aud *.D.S. E." To the 
former, for pointing .out the best and most profitable 
mode.of training fowls to lay ; and to the latter, for 
indicating the nature and eure of the diseases to whieh 
they are subject. Both these matters interest me, in. 
common with others; and I do hope * D.S. E." will 
continue to enlighten us on a subject he. appears so-well 
to understand—I mean, the Diseases of Poultry. No 
person can take more pains:than I do with my fowls.. 
The:place Ihave assigned them is favoured both by 
nature and art. I have built them snug_ habitations, 
carefully protected at all points from north and east 
winds, and I provide them daily all the little luxuries in 
which they delight. Still, either from our variable cli- 
maíte.or from some other cause, at present unknown, 
Ihave several of my most choice fowls on the list of 
“incurables.” Those which appear to suffer most are 
the -gold-spangled Bantams, known as Sir ohn Se- 
bright's breed. They are perpetually gaping, their 
eyes inflamed, their heads swollen. In addition, there. 
is a discharge of fetid matter from. their eye-lids and 
nostrils, particularly at night ; and this I cannot effac- 
tuallyremove. In the day time they droop, are dainty 
over their food, sit solitary, and seem gradually wasting 
away. Can this be the roup? I am told that 
baneful disorder is i 
hot feeding, and the want of clean water. 
as I serupulously guard against all these evils, 
Lam puzzled as to the why and because of my fowls” 
visitation. They have plenty of play-ground allotted 
them,,and are abundantly supplied with grit, ashes, 
mould, vegetables, &c., &c., as recommended by “J..8.’? 
things board. ghings, dressings, half-d 
and other improvements, are things to squabble about. 
efore all or any of these things are done, let the 
tenant give notice to the landlord, or his agent, that he 
may see that they are done ; and if done properly, 
there will be no dispute about allowing for them. Ifthere 
should be, the landlord or his agent is a rogue. .Ihave 
been a visitor to the Smithfield Show for many years, 
and I have read evil reports and good reports, but the 
best that I have met with is a leader on the subject in 
the Daily News of the 12th instant. I should like for 
all breeders and feeders to see it, and.say whether it is 
correct or not. lam afraid that you will think me 
troublesome, but when I see so much foolishness Iean- 
not withhold my pen.— Brutus. 
The Liverpool Swede.— Thin Sowing.—1 read with 
much pleasure the account by “ Amicus,” p. 828, of a 
crop of Swedes, which he says averaged 2 feet 34 inches 
from plant to plant. I think the large crop may be in 
a good degree attributed to the room allowed the plants 
to arrive at perfection, as well as to the liquid manure. 
More erops are diminished by crowding the plants than 
by allowing plenty of room. I once calculated a table 
of erops at every distanee from. one foot from plant to 
plant, to 6 feet ; and am satisfied that larger crops may 
be obtained by allowing plenty of interval to well work 
the soil during the growth of plants. For instance, 
Turnips at 2 feet asunder every way, and averaging ten 
pounds per plant, will produce 50 tons per aere. That 
J d 
Still they do not thrive. Perhaps some of your intelli- 
gent correspondents will be kind enough to throw.a 
light upon what, to me, is as puzzling as it is distress. 
ing ; for I dearly love all animals under my care to.be 
welland happy. I shall immediately adopt the system 
pointed out by “J. S." as being calculated to make 
fowls lay. A constant succession of eggs, during 
each month in the year, is as desirable as it appears 
easy, by proper and judicious management. It is, more- 
over, a weleome addition to one’s revenue.— William- 
Kidd, Sanders’ Cottage, New Road, Hammersmith, 
Dec. 12. 
A Falling off in the Milk.—On reading your Paper 
to-day, my attention was attracted, in your Notices to. 
Correspondents, to the following : “ Milk Cow.—H. W, 
— We cannot account for the falling off in the milk?” 
It savours hat of self. or clairvoyance, 
in me to endeavour to answer a question put to you, the 
words of whieh axe left to my own imagination. Two 
years since, within five miles of town, a gentleman kept 
a.cow upon two paddocks of an acre each; the cows. 
an Alderney half-bred, yielded ber required quantity of 
milk when in one paddock, but neither gypsum, 
nor other agricultural essences, -eould alter the soil, to 
produce milk from grazing in the other; the cow- 
doctor's bill in the meantime was increasing. Two pigs 
who were turned out every morning, and yet appeared 
ina state of repletion, were physicked. It-was altoge- 
ther bl The idea of a pig sucking a-cow,, 
they will attain this size is certain. once 
walking over a field of red Norfolk Turnips, broadeast, 
and meeting with one standing alone which weighed 
23 lbs, and measured 41} inches in cireumference. 
Again, suppose a crop of Cabbages, at 4 feet from plant 
to plant, weighing 30 lbs. each (and I have grown them 
40 Ibs.), the crop will be 40-tons per aere. Although I 
so strongly recommend plenty of room for green crops, 
I am not a convert to the thin-sowing of eorn ; long and 
dearly bought experience convinced me that it is the 
surest way to allow seed enough ; there is seldom too 
much plant in spring — Lusor. 
Farm Accounts.—In a former number you very 
shorty and very clearly stated how a Dr. and Cr. 
account of a farm may be kept, and on which side the 
balance should be placed. Seeing you have resumed it 
last week, I take the liberty of asking you a question. 
I here briefly, and in round numbers, give you my 
aecount according to your former directions, 
Farm 
Cr. 
Jan. 1, 1846.—To Dec. 16, 1846.— 
stock taken Dec. By live and dead 
31, 1845, including stock, Oats, hay, 
cattle, hay, straw, straw, Potatoes, all 
Oats, and Potatoes, of which wil be 
all of which have consumed on the 
been consumed on lan £400 0 0 
e farm. £400 0 0 By cash received 
To cash paid out for stock, &c. 200 0 0 
ineluding labour, 
lime; draining, &c. 300 0 0 
£700 0 0 £600 0 0 
So that it would appear that I am minus 100}. J have 
expended 1007. in draining, liming, &c., which is hardly 
fair, perhaps, to charge on one year. Butthe point I 
wish to be informed on is this:— Whether having on 
the lst of January last, taken hay, straw, Oats, into 
stock, and eonsumed them on the farm, I ought to 
credit the farm their value, as though I had sold them ; 
for then I should have-credited the farm for so much 
cash received. Of the straw of 1845, and taken in to 
stock Ist January, 1846; for instance, I made and 
carried out upwards of 200 one-horse cart-loads of dung 
for Turnips, Grass, and for the crops now on the 
ground. It appears to me the Oats, straw, &c., then 
taken in to stock, ought to be credited somewhere and 
some how, and in settling my small accounts it is the 
disposal of this stock which puzzles me.—W. Northumy 
briensis. [See Leader of to-day. 
1 
Poultry, their Diseases, and Incilements to Lay- 
ing.— Breeders of poultry are specially indebted to 
suggested by the writer, was as much scouted as the 
probability of a hedgehog doing the same thing. How- 
ever, the pigs one morning, when let out (after perhaps. 
a stronger decoction than usual, over night, had excited 
impatient cravings of hunger),-at once ran to the cow 
that was standing, and though their hind legs were only 
on the ground, the cow stood quietly while they were 
sucking her teats ; and this secret of a falling off in the 
milk, or Jusus nature, was solved. And the probability 
is, the same event often occurs in farm-yards, when cows: 
lying down, and pigs, foraging about the litter, fallin 
with the udder. The circumstance would not be per- 
ceived, perhaps, unless the cow was standing, and then 
only would be attempted by a pig whose instinet had 
led him to the agreeable repast before.—L. A. 
Dai t.—*L ter” says, “ I write 
to ask if any of your correspondents will give me their 
experience as regards setting milk pans on stone or 
wooden shelves. My dairy does not answer so wellas 
it ought to do, considering the care and. good. feeding 
my cows have. I wish, therefore, to know whether 
wooden shelves are preferable to stone ones, espe 
in the winter season.” [The dairy should-be kept as 
nearly and constantly as possible at a temperature of 
about 45° F.] I 
Thrashing Machines.—W hich of the following sorts 
of thrashing machines would you prefer—Meikle'g. 
Scotch, the English, or the Pegdrum machine. Which. 
requires the least power to drive, and which does its 
work thebest? I have-at presenta Scotch one; butias Y 
fancy it does not do its work so cleamas it should do, i 
am inclined to change it for one that would do it better, 
being fully aware that the saving of grain would soon 
repay the difference between the value of it and a first- 
But perhaps the machine is not in fault, but 
my not knowing the proper distance of the rollers; and 
3 feet 3 inches. 
minute ; they are placed 2 of an inch clear:from the 
edge of the beater ; the lower edge of the eoncave the 
same distance ;.and top or farthest side of it from the- 
rollers about an inch-from beaters. Is this the proper 
distance? .Do the beaters go too fast-or tooslow®? Or 
is the gpeed of the rollers:correct tó the speed of the 
drum! I have 80 acres of arable land on which 
