ORTHOPTERA. 145 
joints of the tarsi is frequently fleshy or membranous*. Many fe- 
males are furnished with a true perforator formed of two blades, fre- 
quently inclosed in a common envelupe, by means of which they de- 
posit their eggs. The posterior extremity of the body, in most of 
them, is provided with appendages. 
All Orthopterous Insects have a first membranous stomach or crop, 
followed by a muscular gizzard, armed internally with corneous 
scales or teeth, according to the species; round the pylorus, except in 
the Forficule, are two or more ceca, furnished at the bottom with 
several small biliary vessels. Other vessels of the same description 
are inserted in the intestine near the middle. 
The intestines of the larva are similar to those of the perfect In- 
sect f. 
All the known Orthoptera, without exception, are terrestrial, even 
in their two first states of existence. Some are carnivorous or omni- 
vorous, but the greater number feed on living plants. The species 
that belong to Europe produce but once a year; this takes place to- 
wards the end of the summer, which is also the period of their final 
transformation. 
We will divide the Orthoptera into two great familes f. 
* In the Acrydia, the under part of the first joint presents three pellets or 
divisions. 
+ M. Marcel de Serres professor of Mineralogy at Montpellier, has made the 
anatomy of these animals his special study. According to him the Orthoptera with 
cetaceous antenne, such as the Blattz, Mantes, Gryllo-talpe, Grylli, and Locuste, 
have only elastic or tubular trachee, which are of two kinds, arterial and pulmonary. 
The latter alone distribute air throughout the body, after having received it from 
the former. In Orthoptera with cylindrical or prismatic antenne, such as the 
Acrydia and Truxales, the pulmonary trachee are replaced by those that are vesicular. 
They are furnished with cartilaginous hoops or movable ribs, and receive air from 
tubular or elastic trachez proceeding from the arterial trachee. The nutritive system 
is more or less developed and presents four principal modifications. The Grylli and 
Gryllo-talpe have the advantage in this respect over the others. The crop is utricu- 
liform and placed sideways, while in the others it isin the direction of the gizzard. 
Here the hepatic vessels are inserted separately: in the former, that insertion is 
effected through the medium of a common deferent canal. The Truxales and Acrydia, 
although approximated to the Locuste by their digestive system, still differ from 
them in their superior hepatic vessels, the extremity of which is no longer furnished 
with secretory vessels, and which form cylindrical and elongated canals, but not 
widened sacs. The intestines of the Blattz and Mantes present but two divisions ; 
their nutritive system is otherwise the same. Whenever there is but a single testis, 
the female has but one ovary; this is the case in all those which have vesicular 
trachee. Those which only have elastic or tubular trachee, are furnished with two 
testes and two ovaries. The vesicule destined to lubricate the common spermatic 
canal are either double or single, according to the presence of one testis or two. 
The common oviduct of the females is also provided with a lubricating vesicle. The 
Forficule, on which he is silent, are removed from all other Insects of the same 
order, according to Baron Cuvier, by the absence of superior hepatic vessels. For 
the anatomy of these latter Insects we refer the reader to the Memoirs of MM. 
Posselt and Leon Dufour. With respect to the power of flight, it is evident that it 
is much greater in the Acrydia and Truxales, than in the other Orthoptera. 
t Forming three sections in our Fam, Nat. du Regn, Anim, The first is divided 
