392 ECHINODERMATA. 
sides, rather than that of a star. The radiation is only marked ex- 
ternally by the groove of the feet *. : 
In others there is a slight re-entering angle in each side of the 
pentagon f. ; 
The sides of some are concave, which approximates them to a stel- 
lated figure f. 
In these various species the ceca and the ovaries are not so-elon- 
gated as in most of those which have their rays elongated and sepa- 
rated by strongly marked re-entering angles. Such are 
A. rubens, L.; Encyc., CXII1, 1, 2. ‘ Extremely common on 
the whole coast of France, so much so, that in some districts 
they are employed to manure the soil. 
A. glacialis, L.; Link.. XXXVIJII, 69; Encye. CVII and 
CVUI. This species is frequently more than a foot in diameter. 
The spines which invest the superior part of its body are sur- 
rounded by a multitude of fleshy tubes which compose a sort of 
cushion round their base. 
A. aurantiaca, L.; Link., VI, VII, XXIII; Encyce. CX: 
Egypt. Echin., pl. iv, 1. The largest species of the European 
seas; the edges of its rays are furnished with pieces arranged 
like paving stones, on which strong and movable spines are articu- 
lated. The whole of the superior surface is covered with little 
spines, terminated by a truncated and bristly head §. 
Some species have more than five rays ||. Their ceca and ovaries 
are very short. 
We should separate those species in which the rays are destitute 
of the longitudinal groove underneath for receiving the feet ; gene- 
rally, these rays are not hollow, and the stomach is not prolonged 
into them in the form of ceca, but its prominences remain in their 
intervals. Locomotion is principally effected by the curves and mo- 
tions of the rays, and not by the feet, which are too few for that 
purpose. 
Those, which have five non-ramous rays round a central disk, 
form the Opmiur® of M. Delamarck; but we should also distinguish 
Those in whichthese rays are furnished on each side with movable 
* Asterias discoidea, Lam., Encye. Méthod., Vers. XCVII, XCVIII ;—As. tesse- 
lata, var., A, Lam.; Link., X?11, 22; Encyc., XCVI. : 
+ Asterias membranacea, Liuik., 1, 2;—A. rosacea, Lam.; Encyc. XCIX, 2, 3. 
t Asterias tesselata, var. C and D, Lam, ; Link., XXIII, 37, XXIV, 39; Encye., 
97 and 98, 1, 2;—A. equestris, L. and Lam.; Link., XXXIII, 53; Encyc., CI, CII; 
—A. reticulata, Lam.; Link., XLI, XLII; Encyc., C, 6, 7 ;—A. militaris, Miill., 
Zool. Dan., CXXXI ;—A. minuta, Seb., III, v, 14,15; Encze., C, 1, 3 ;—A. nodosa, 
Link., II, I1I, VII; Encye., CV, CVI. 
§ Add A. rosea, Mill., Zool. Dan., LXVII; A. violacea, Ib., LXVI;—A. echi- 
niphora, Lam.; Link., IV, 7; Encyc., CXIX, 2, 3;—A. variolata, Lam.; Link., VIII, 
10; Encye., Ibid., 4, 5 ;—A. levigata, Link., XXVIII, 47; Encye., CXX :—A. sepo- 
sita, Link., IX, 16; Encyc. CXII, 1, 2. 
|| Ast. paposa, Link., XVII, 28, XXXIV, 54; Encyc., CVII, 3, 4, 6, 7;—A. 
echinites, Lam.; Solander and Ellis, Coral., LX—-LXII; Encyc., CVII, A—C;—A. 
helianthus, Lam. ; Encye., CVIII and CIX. 
