ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT 19 
which he read a paper on ‘‘ De Soto’s line of march, from 
the point of view of an ethnologist.’’ 
Mrs. M. C. Stevenson, ethnologist, continued her field re- 
searches of the Tewa tribes of New Mexico throughout the 
fiscal year, devoting attention particularly to those of San 
Ildefonso and Santa Clara, and incidentally to the Tewa 
of Nambe and San Juan. The pueblo of Pojoaque is now 
practically extinct as an Indian settlement, only about six 
Tewa remaining in that village. Special attention was 
devoted to the religious, political, and social organizations 
of these people, which, owing to their extreme conserva- 
tism, are difficult to determine. The Tewa are divided not 
only into clans with patrilineal descent, but each tribe con- 
sists of a Sun people and an Ice people, each with its 
own kiva, or ceremonial chamber. At San Ildefonso the 
kiva for the Sun people is known as Po‘tée, ‘‘ Squash 
kiva,’’ and that of the Ice people is Kun‘iya"tée, ‘‘ Tur- 
quoise kiva.’’ The element /ée signifies ‘‘ round,’’ hence 
indicating that originally the Tewa kivas were circular. A 
third kiva of San Ildefonso is called Téepoa"’te, meaning 
‘Round gathering or sitting place,’’ and symbolizes a 
lake. Although from its trim condition this kiva appears 
to be modern, it is in reality very old, and within the 
memory of the older men of San Ildefonso it was used 
whenever the Sun and Ice people met together, because of 
its large size. Large councils are still held in the Tée- 
poa*’te, and it is used also as a dressing room for the 
dancers participating in ceremonies. The kivas are also 
the meeting places of the sacred fraternities. The Squash, 
Summer Bear, and Fire organizations of San Ildefonso 
hold their ceremonies in the kiva of the Sun people. The 
Fire fraternity was adopted in the ancient past from a 
people in the north who lived in skin tipis, wore clothing 
of dressed deerskin, and spoke a strange tongue. This 
fraternity finally became extinct, and wishing to reestab- 
lish it, the San Ildefonso people sent four men to the Sun 
people of Zuni (whose Fire fraternity, according to tradi- 
tion, had a similar origin), who initiated them into their 
