qtarore] TAXONOMIC LIST OF PLANTS 713 
tion of the inventive genius and resourcefulness of the Indian child 
mind thus reacting to its environment and providing its own amuse- 
ment. Children sometimes gathered the cottony fruits of the cot- 
tonwood before they were scattered by the wind and used them as 
gum for chewing. In early spring, before the leaves appear, the 
waxy buds of the cottonwood were boiled to make yellow dye. 
Feathers for pluming arrows were dyed a yellowish color by dipping 
in a decoction made by boiling the seed vessels of this tree. 
Mention has been made already of the use of cottonwood leaves 
by little girls in making toy tipis. They were also used to make toy 
moccasins. lor this purpose a rent was made at equal distances on 
each side of the leaf about halfway from the tip to the petiole. The 
edge of the leaf was now turned down in a line from this rent to the 
base; then the edges of the leaf from the rent to the tip were brought 
together and pinned with a splinter to make the fore part, the edges 
of the base were brought together and fastened to make the back 
part, and behold! a tiny green moccasin of the pattern common 
among the tribes of the plains, the top being turned down at the 
ankle. 
Girls and young women made another pleasing use of the cotton- 
wood leaf. The tip of the leaf was put between the lips and the 
sides pressed against the nostrils with the thumb and index finger 
in such a way that one nostril was quite closed and the other partly so. 
Then the breath was expelled through the partly closed nostril, vi- 
brating on the leaf in such a way that very sweet musical notes were 
produced, birdlike or flutelike in quality. The effect is most pleasing 
to the ear. 
The green, unopened fruits of cottonwood were used by children as 
beads and ear pendants in play. 
Saix InTERTOR Rowlee. Sandbar Willow. 
The stems of this willow were peeled and used in basketry by the 
Omaha and other tribes. 
SALIX sP. 
Wakpe-popa (Dakota), generic name for willow. 
Ruhi (Winnebago). 
Kitapato (Pawnee). 
Poles of willow of various species, overlaid on the heavier timbers 
to sustain the thatch covered with earth, were used in the construc- 
tion of the earth lodge. Small poles of willow were used to form the 
frame of the sudatory, or bath lodge. Before European customs 
had so far superseded the native tribal customs, willow had its place 
in the funeral customs of the Omaha. On the day of burial, the 
fourth day after the death, at the time of starting from the home for 
