76 USES OF PLANTS BY INDIANS (ETH. ANN. 33 
Uxmus rutva Michx. Slippery Elm or Red Elm. 
Pe tututupa (Dakota), or in Teton dialect pe tutu"tu "pa. 
Ezho" zhide (Omaha-Ponea), “red elm” (zhide, red) or ezhon 
chide gthigthide, “ slippery red elm” (qgthigthide, slippery). 
Wakidikidik (Winnebago). 
Taitsako pahat (Pawnee), “red elm” (pahat, red). 
The bark, when weathered for several years till it glows with 
phosphorescence in the darkness, was used to catch the spark in fire- 
making. The fresh inner bark was boiled and the resulting decoction 
was drunk as a laxative. The Omaha used to cook the inner bark 
with buffalo fat in rendering out the tallow. They considered that 
the bark gave a desirable flavor to the fat and added a preservative 
quality, preventing it from becoming rancid. When the rendering 
was finished the children always asked for the pieces of cooked 
bark, which they-prized as titbits. 
The inner bari fiber was also used for making ropes and cords. 
Cettis occomEentauis L. Hackberry. 
Yamnumnugapi (Dakota), from yamnumnuga, “to crunch,” be- 
cause animals crunch its berries. 
Gube (Omaha-Ponca). 
Wake-warutsh (Winnebago), “raccoon food” (wake, raccoon; 
warutsh, food). 
Kvaapsit (Pawnee). 
Omaha informants say the berries were eaten only casually, but the 
Dakota used them as a flavor for meat. For this purpose they 
pounded them fine, seeds and all. When they first saw pepper corns 
of black pepper, and their use as a condiment when ground, they 
likened them to yamnumnugap? and so they called black pepper 
yamnumnugapt washichu", “white man’s yamnumnugapi.” 
The Pawnee say they pounded the berries fine, added a little fat, 
and mixed them with parched corn. They described the combination 
as very good. 
Moracear 
ToxyLon pomirerumM Raf. Osage Orange, Bois d’Are. 
Zho"-zi-zhu (Omaha-Ponea), “ yellow-flesh wood” (zho", wood; 
zi, yellow; zhu, flesh). 
Nakitsku (Pawnee). 
This tree was not native to Nebraska, but its wood was used for 
making bows wheneyer it could be obtained. It was gotten whenever 
southern trips were made into its range, which is in the southern 
part of Oklahoma; or it was obtained by gift or barter from the 
tribes of that region. 
