108 USES OF PLANTS BY INDIANS [ETH. ANN. 33 
Ninigahi (Omaha-Ponca). Contracted from nini, pipe, and igahi, 
to mix; to mix [with tobacco] for the pipe. 
Rulii-shutsh (Winnebago). 
Rapahat (Pawnee), “red-stick” (ra, stick; pahat, red). 
The outer bark was removed, after which the inner bark was 
scraped and dried for smoking. It is fragrant, and all the tribes 
were very fond of it. . 
Cornus stotontreraA Michx. Red Brush, Kinnikinnick. 
Cha"-shasha-hinchake (Dakota), real cha"-shasha (hi"chake, real, 
very, indeed). 
Ninigahi lite (Omaha-Ponca), real ninigahi. 
This species is preferred for smoking. It is said to be the best of 
all, but the Indians describe and name another which was also used, 
but which I did not succeed in seeing or identifying. The Omaha 
and Ponea call it ninigahi gtheahe, “ spotted ninigahi.” 
Cornus aspertrotta Michx. Rough Dogwood. 
Ma"sa-lite-hi (Omaha-Ponea), “real arrow tree” (ma"sa, arrow; 
Fite, real; hz, plant body). 
Ma*si-hotsh (Winnebago). 
Nakipistatu (Pawnee), “ real arrow tree” (nahaapi, tree; kipis, ar- 
row; tatu, real). 
This was the favorite wood for arrow shafts. 
ERIcACEAE 
Uva-ursi uva-urst (L.) Britton. Bearberry. 
Nakasis (Pawnee), “ little tree,” “short tree” (nakas, tree; kasis, 
short). 
The leaves were used for smoking like tobacco. 
OLEACEAE 
FRAXINUS PENNSYLVANICA Marsh. Ash. 
Psehitin (Dakota). 
Tashnanga-hi (Omaha-Ponea). 
Rak (Winnebago). 
Kiditako (Pawnee). 
Ash wood was universally used for making pipestems; it was 
used also for making bows, and young stems furnished arrow shafts. 
The ash is one of the trees to which mystic powers are ascribed. 
J. Owen Dorsey says: “The Omaha have two sacred trees, the ash 
and the cedar. The ash is connected with the beneficent natural 
