112 USES OF PLANTS BY INDIANS [ETH. ANN. 33 
In addition to these two forms, the Pawnee, as said before, recog- 
nize and name two other forms. All these four forms are included in 
our taxonomy under the name Monarda fistulosa. The two remain- 
ing forms, according to the Pawnee classification and nomenclature, 
are tsakus tawirat and parakaha. The latter name, parakaha, sig- 
nifies “ fragrant”; tsakus tawirat, “shot many times still fighting” 
(tsakus, shot many times; tawirat, still fighting). In the order of 
decreasing desirability for fragrance the Pawnee classify the four 
forms in this order: parakaha, tsakus tawirat, tsostu, and tsusahtu, 
which last name, meaning ill smelling, shows that it is undesirable, 
according to their suspectibilities, for this purpose. One or more of 
the other forms may often be found wherever the last, tsusahtu, the 
common type form of MJonarda fistulosa, is found. The Pawnee 
characterize them thus: fsusahtu, with stiff strong stems; tsostu, with 
weaker stems and smaller leaves; the next two with weak stems, the 
most fragrant one, parakaha, with stems “as weak as straw.” But 
they also find differences in the roots, and they say these must be com- 
pared in order to make identification certain. 
The differences noted by the Indians among these varieties, if we 
may be allowed to call them varieties, are fixed and hereditary and 
not accidental or dependent on season or situation. Of this I am 
assured by my own experience with living specimens of the two 
forms designated by the Dakota Hehaka ta pezhuta and walipe 
washtemna. J have transplanted specimens of these two forms from 
the wild state and have had them under observation at all seasons for 
five years. I have also noted these two forms in the wild state stand- 
ing in close proximity to each other. 
I give this extended discussion because I have found taxonomists 
reluctant to admit the possibility of this distinction; at the same 
time they did not put it to the proof. 
Heproma uispma Pursh. Rough Pennyroyal. 
Maka chiaka (Dakota). 
An infusion of the leaves was used as a remedy for colds. It was 
used also as a flavor and tonic appetizer in diet for the sick. 
Menta canapensts L. Wild Mint. 
Chiaka (Dakota). 
Pezhe nubtho” (Omaha-Ponca), “ fragrant herb” (nwbtho”, fra- 
grant). 
Kahts-kiwahaaru (Pawnee); “swamp medicine” (kahis, from 
hkahtsu, medicine; kiwahaaru, swamp). 
Wild mint was used by all the tribes as a carminative, fow this 
purpose being steeped in water for the patient to drink and sweetened 
with sugar. Sometimes this infusion was used as a beverage, like 
tea, not alone for its medicinal property but for its pleasing aromatic 
flavor. 
