114 USES OF PLANTS BY INDIANS [ETH. ANN. 33 
from other tribes to the north, who are still growing it. From an old 
man, Long Bear, of the Hidatsa tribe in North Dakota, who was then 
73 years old, I obtained specimens and seed in 1908, by which I was 
able to determine the species. I planted the seed and have had it 
growing every year since. The plant, when full grown, is only about 
60 em. or 70 cm. in height. It is very hardy and of quick maturity, so 
that ripe seed will be found in about 60 or 65 days after coming up, 
and fruit bearing continues till frost comes. 
According to Nuttall, Nicotiana quadrivalvis was cultivated by all 
the tribes along the Missouri. 
A Pawnee informant said that his people in the old time prepared 
the ground for planting this tobacco by gathering a quantity of dried 
grass, which was burned where the patch was to be sown. This kept 
the ground clear of weeds, so that nothing grew except the tobacco 
which was planted. The crop was allowed to grow thick, and then 
the whole plant—leaves, unripe fruit capsules, and the tender, small 
parts of the stemts—was dried for smoking. The unripe seed capsules, 
dried separately, were specially prized for smoking on account of the 
flavor, pronounced by the Indians to be like the flavor now found in 
the imported Turkish tobacco. 
A Winnebago informant-told me that his people prepared the to- 
bacco by picking off the leaves and laying them out to dry. Next day 
the partially dry leaves, imp and somewhat viscid, were rolled like 
tea leaves and again laid to dry. When fully dry the leaves were 
rubbed fine and stored away. In this finished state the tobacco looks 
somewhat like gunpowder tea. The Indians said it was of very 
pleasant odor for smoking. The species of tobacco which was culti- 
vated by the Winnebago, as well as the other tribes of the eastern 
woodland region, was WVicotiana rustica L. It appears that this 
species was cultivated by all the tribes from the Mississippi River 
eastward to the Atlantic Ocean. It.is said that the woodland tribes 
eagerly accepted presents of prepared tobacco of the species Vicotiana 
quadrivalvis from the tribes of the plains region and sought to obtain 
seed of the same, but the plains tribes jealously guarded against 
allowing the seed to be exported to their woodland neighbors, 
ScroPHULARIACEAE 
PENTSTEMON GRANDIFLORUS Nutt. Wild Fox-glove. 
A Pawnee informant said that he uses this plant as a remedy for 
chills and fever, but it is not of common knowledge and use. The 
preparation is a decoction of the leaves, taken internally. 
1 Pickering, Chronological History of Plants, p. 741. 
