FEWKES] THE RUIN, SIKYATEKI 219 
to attack by enemies and were not built on mesa tops, hence it may 
be assumed that there were no enemies to fear in Tusayan at the 
time of their establishment. But later, when the Snake clans from 
the north joined the Bear settlement at Walpi, trouble seems to have 
commenced. As above mentioned, the Bear clans came from the 
same region as the Kokop and were presumably friendly, probably 
kin of the Sikyatkians; but the Snake clans came from Tokonabi, 
in the north, and were no doubt of foreign stock, implying a hos- 
tility that may have been the indirect cause of the overthrow of 
Sikyatki and Awatobi by the other Hopi. 
The two epochs in Hopi ceramic development that can be dis- 
tinguished with certainty are (1) the Sikyatki epoch and (2) the 
Tanoan or historic epoch. The third, or renaissance, of the Sikyatki 
dates back to 1895, and may be called the modern epoch. The 
Sikyatki epoch gave way to the Tanoan about the beginning of the 
eighteenth century. It did not develop from any group preexisting 
im the neighborhood of the present Hopi pueblos but was derived 
from the east and it ceased suddenly, being replaced by a totally 
different group introduced by radically different clans.2 
SrxyatTK1 Eprocu 
The most characteristic Hopi pottery bearing symbols of the 
Sikyatki epoch occurs in a few ruins near the Hopi mesas, but from 
lack of exploration it is impossible to determine the boundaries of 
the area in which it is found. : 
Several museums contain collections of Hopi ware of this epoch, 
among which may be mentioned the National Museum at Washing- 
ton, the Field Columbian Museum of Natural History at Chicago, 
the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania, the Peabody Museum 
at Cambridge, and the Museum fiir Volkerkiinde at Berlin, Germany. 
Many bowls of this epoch are likewise found in the American 
Museum of Natural History, New York, and in the Museum of the 
Brooklyn Institute. Several private collections in Europe and the 
United States likewise contain specimens of Sikyatki ware, among 
them being that gathered by the late Dr. Miller, now at Phoenix, 
Arizona. The collection of prehistoric Hopi pottery in the National 
Musevm is particularly rich, containing many specimens gathered by 
the Stevenson expeditions, by the author, and by Dr. Hough, of the 
U.S. National Museum, 
The symbols on the ancient pottery from-the Middle Mesa of the 
Hopi are almost identical with those of Sikyatki, indicating a simi- 
larity of culture, a common geographical origin, and a synchronous 
1 Pottery making is a woman’s industry, and as among the Pueblo the woman determines 
the clan, so she determines the symbolism of the pottery. Consequently symbolism of 
pottery is related to that of the clan. 
