FEWKES] TANOAN EPOCH 267 
way of Zufi, and still others by way of Awatobi. They brought 
with them Tanoan and Keresan symbolism and Little Colorado 
elements, all of which were incorporated. The Tanoan symbols are 
very difficult to differentiate individually but created a considerable 
modification in the artistic products, as a whole. 
The symbolism that the colonists from the Little Colorado settle- 
ments brought to Walpi was mixed in character, containing certain 
Gila Valley elements. Among the last-mentioned were increments 
derived directly from Zuii, as shown in the symbolism of their pot- 
tery. Among the most important thus introduced were contributions 
of the Asa, Kachina, Badger, and Butterfly clans. The most im- 
portant element from the Little Colorado clans that originally came 
from the Gila Valley (Palatkwabi) are those connected with the 
plumed serpent.t It is possible to trace successive epochs in the 
history of ceramic decoration in the Little Colorado ruins and to 
identify, in a measure, the clans with which these epochs were asso- 
ciated, but to follow out this identification in this paper would take 
me too far afield and lead into a discussion of areas far distant from 
the Hopi, for it belongs more especially to the history of ceramic 
decorations of Zuni decoration and composition.? In the present 
article all the Little Colorado influences are treated as belonging to 
the Tanoan epoch, which seems to have been the dominant one in the 
Little Colorado when emigration, comparatively modern in time, 
began to Hopi. : 
Symeots InrropucEeD FROM THE LirrLE CoLorapo 
After the destruction of Sikyatki there was apparently a marked 
deterioration in the excellence of Hopi ceramics, which continued as 
late as the overthrow of Awatobi, when the Sikyatki epoch ceased. 
Shortly before that date and for a few years later there was a 
notable influx of foreigners into Hopiland; a number of southern 
clans from the Little Colorado successively joined the Hopi, bringing 
with them cultural conceptions and symbolic designs somewhat 
different from those existing previously to their advent. Among” 
these clans are those known in migration legends as the Patki peoples. 
Although we can not distinguish a special Patki epoch in Hopi 
ceramics, we have some ideas of the nature of Patki symbolism 
from large collections from Homolobi, Chevlon, and Chavez Pass. 
1 The Tanoan people (clans) also introduced a horned snake, but different in symbolism 
from that of the Patki clans. 
? The oldest pottery in the Zui Valley belongs to the same group as that of the oldest 
Little Colorado ruins and shows marked Gila Valley symbolism. The modern pottery of 
Zuni is strongly influenced by Tanoan characters. As these have been transmitted to 
Hopi they are considered under the term ‘ Tanoan epoch,” derived from Little Colorado 
settlements to which Zuii culturally belongs. 
