XXX ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 
of the south, in which the numerous modern pueblos are situ- 
ated. The chain of observations thus secured is of value in 
the study of the art products of the vast region formerly oc- 
cupied by town-building tribes. 
Particular attention was given to an examination of the ce- 
ramic remains. These constitute one of the means of develop- 
ing the history of the pre-Columbian inhabitants. A large 
series of specimens was forwarded to the National Museum. 
WORK OF MESSRS. V. AND C. MINDELEFF. 
Mr. Victor Mindeleff, with Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff as his 
assistant, left Washineton for the field September 1, 1887, and 
returned March 18, 1888. A group of cave lodges, excavated 
in the top and sides of a cinder cone at the base of San Fran- 
cisco Mountain, and situated about 18 miles northeast of Flag- 
staff, Arizona, was visited and sketches and diagrams were 
made. The cliff dwellings of Walnut Canyon, about 12 miles 
southeast of Flagstaff, were also examined. 
Later the work of the field party was among the ruined 
pueblos near Keam Canyon, which connect traditionally with 
the present Tusayan villages. These ruins, six in number, 
are distributed on the north border of the Jeditoh Valley and 
are scattered along for a distance of 12 miles. 
The party afterwards camped in the vicinity of Oraibi, the 
largest of the present villages of Tusayan. Here a study was 
made of the primitive constructional devices still in use. Two 
interesting ruins were discovered in this neighborhood and 
their ground plans secured. In the northern ruin a cave or 
underground apartment was found contaiming vestiges of stone 
walls and tir ber supports. The small village of Moen-kopi 
was surveyed. This is an outlying farming pueblo, occupied 
mainly during the planting and harvesting seasons. An ex- 
tensive system of irrigation was in operation in this vicinity. 
Subsequently the party spent six weeks at the Chaco ruins 
in New Mexico. An accurate architectural survey of the more 
important ruins was made, and the plans obtained reveal many 
points of interest.. The degree of mechanical knowledge dis- 
played by the builders of these pueblos and also the quality 
