XXXIV ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 
of civilization, he obtained evidence complementing the obser- 
vations and conclusions of Mr. Hoffman. As a general result 
it is found that there still exists among the Ojibwa a remark- 
able degree of pictographie skill, which is employed in ordi- 
nary affairs of life as well as in religious and ceremonial rites. 
The statements of Schoolcraft, however, are found to be exag- 
gerated and erroneous, especially in their attribution of mystic 
symbolism to devices purely ideographic or mnemonic. In 
particular the apparently significant coloration of his published 
figures is deceptive. Among the large number of genuine 
ancient records obtained, no colors appear to have been used, 
either symbolically or even in ornamentation, except that the 
more recent shamanistic rolls show paintings in red for the 
hearts of animals. Indeed the mechanical work of the birch- 
bark pictographs was wholly by indented outlines, and the 
artists of former generations were not able to fix colors on the 
bark surface. 
In August, Col. Mallery proceeded to the islands of Cape 
Breton and Prince Edward, and thence to Nova Scotia and 
Maine, to investigate the bark records and petroglyphs of the 
Miemac and the Abnaki. Special study was made as to the 
probability of an aboriginal source of many or any of the 
characters supposed to have been first used by French mis- 
sionaries in 1652, and printed at Vienna, Austria, in 1862, 
with additions and changes, under the direction of Rev. 
Christian Kauder, and now generally styled the ‘Micmac 
Hieroglyphs.” The result of this study was that very few of 
the characters could be traced to Indian invention. The picto- 
graphy of the Indian tribes was mainly confined to the represen- 
tation of ideas or concepts, but the attempt of Father Kauder 
was to represent words and grammatic devices by special signs. 
His invention, therefore, was an artificial alphabet not naturally 
evolved from picture-writing, as has been the course of alpha- 
bets in general use over the world. 
A most interesting and unique body of rock etchings was 
discovered at and near Kejimkoojik Lake, Nova Scotia, and 
accurate copies of many of them were secured. On account 
of their number, their intrinsic interest, and the evidences of 
