XLIV ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 
belief and practice called shamanism is well known in many 
parts of the world as a phase in religious evolution. Although 
at first applied only to the practices observed among some 
tribes of northern Asia, it has of late been generally used by 
scholars to express the placation and control by magic and 
fetichistic rites of spirits or daimons who are supposed to rule 
all mankind and indeed the whole realm of nature. The 
shaman is not only a practitioner of sorcery, able to drive off 
the spirits which bring death, sickness, and misfortune, and to 
invoke others which confer success and love, but he is a priest, 
who by communion with the higher powers learns and after- 
wards teaches to others the articles of a creed. The term 
shaman means all that Capt. Bourke intends to express by 
‘‘medicine-man,” while that awkward compound, invented by 
early explorers in North America, must always mislead by 
conveying some implication of therapeutics. 
Capt. Bourke, in twenty-two years of active service in the 
United States Army, has directed his attention to the observa- 
tion and study of the Indian tribes of the Great Plains and of 
the Southwest. During a considerable part of that time he 
has enjoyed special facilities and opportunities as aid-de-camp 
to Maj. Gen. Crook. His familiarity with the tribes in general 
enables him to introduce many comparisons between the 
Apache, who are the special subjects of his paper, and many 
other tribes and to note parallels and contrasts in the practices 
of all. The extensive reading which is indicated by his copious 
list of authorities consulted has enabled him to supply anal- 
ogies from foreign lands and remote ages, so that his paper is 
much more comprehensive than its title. 
Among the many topics suggestively treated are those of 
the rhombus or bull roarer, the scratch stick, and the drinking 
reed, all considered ceremonially; but in especial the discus- 
sions upon hoddentin and the izze-kloth present unsuspected 
facts and permit curious inferences. 
Hoddentin is the pollen of the tule, which is a variety of the 
cat-tail rush growing in all the ponds of the southwestern parts 
of the United States. It is a yellow powder with which small 
buckskin bags are filled and those bags then attached to the 
