OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. XXVII 
in the autumn, in collecting map material in Michigan and 
Wisconsin. He remained at Carbondale until the last of 
December. 
GENERAL FIELD STUDIES. 
WORK OF THE DIRECTOR. 
While engaged in making a geological reconnaissance of the 
Tewan Mountains, the Director was enabled to study on the 
ground a large field of archeology. This is an extensive dis- 
trict of country drained by the Chama and Jemez and other 
tributaries of the Rio Grande del Norte. In prehistoric and 
early historic times the region was mainly occupied by tribes 
of the Tanoan stock. The people lived in villages, or pueblos, 
many of which were built of the rude stone that abounds in 
forms and sizes adapted to such structures. The clifts of the 
canyons carved by the many streams that drain the mountain 
area are often composed of volcanic tufa so soft that it can be 
easily worked with rude stone tools, and many of the people 
had learned to hew it into shapes convenient for architectural 
purposes. 
Some of the tribes at different periods in their history left 
their stone pueblos and constructed homes for themselves by 
excavating chambers in the tufa cliffs. These cavate dwell- 
ings, now abandoned and in ruins, and the ruins of many other 
ancient dwellings are scattered throughout this entire country. 
On the northern flank of the Tewan Mountains, near the 
River Chama and about 3 miles below Abiquin, an exten- 
sive ruin was visited, the walls of which were constructed of 
clay built up in a mass. The mechanical devices by which 
they were built were not discovered, but it is evident that the 
clay was not made into adobes. During the study of all these 
ruins interesting archeologic collections were made, especially 
of articles in stone and clay. 
WORK OF MR. JAMES STEVENSON. 
Mr. James Stevenson, who had accompanied the Director in 
the above mentioned explorations, proceeded, at the beginning 
ot October, 1887, to the Pueblo of Sia, about 8 miles south 
