66 THE POINT BARROW ESKIMO. 
They use all kinds of tobacco, but readily distinguish and desire the 
sorts considered better by the whites. For instance, they were eager to 
get the excellent quality of “Navy” tobacco furnished by the Com- 
missary Department, while one of our party who had a large quantity 
of exceedingly bad fine-cut tobacco could hardly give it away. A little 
of the strong yellow “Cireassian” tobacco used by the Russians for 
trading is occasionally brought up from the southwest, and perhaps also 
by the Nunatafmiun, and is very highly prized, probably because it was 
in this form that they first saw tobacco. Snuff seems to be unknown; 
tobacco is used only for chewing and smoking. The habit of chewing 
tobacco is almost universal. Men, women, and even children, though 
the latter be but 2 or 3 years old and unweaned,! when tobacco is to be 
obtained, keep a ‘‘chew,” often of enormous size, constantly in the mouth. 
The juice is not spit out, but swallowed with the saliva, without pro- 
ducing any signs of nausea. The tobacco is chewed by itself and not 
sweetened with sugar, as was observed by Hooper and Nordenskiéld 
among the “Chukches.”? [ knew but two adult Eskimo in Utkiavwin 
who did not chew tobacco, and one of these adopted the habit to a cer- 
tain extent while we were there. 
Tobacco is smoked in pipes of a peculiar pattern called kui/nyr, of 
which the collection contains a series of ten specimens. 
Of these, No. 89288 [705],° figured in Ray’s Point Barrow Report, 
Ethnology, Pl. 1, Fig. 1, will serve as a type. The bowl is of brass, 
neatly inlaid on the upper surface with a narrow ring of copper close to 
the edge, from which 1un four converging lines, 90° apart, nearly to the 
center. Round the under surface are also three concentric rings of 
copper. The wooden stem appears to be willow or birch, and is in two 
longitudinal sections, held together by the lashing of sealskin thong 
which serves to attach the bowl to the stem, This lashing was evidently 
put on wet and allowed to shrink on, and the ends are secured by tuck- 
ing under the turns. The whipping at the mouthpiece is of fine sinew 
thread: <A picker of steel for cleaning out the bowl is attached to the 
stem by a piece of seal thong, the end of which is wedged under the 
turns of the lashing. The remaining pipes are all of the same general 
pattern, but vary in the material of the bowl and in details of execu- 
tion. The stems are always of the same material and put together in 
the same way, but are sometimes lozenge-shaped instead of elliptical 
in section. The lashing is sometimes of three-ply sinew braid. The 
bowl shows the greatest variation, both in form and material. 
Fig. 6a (No. 56757 [10], from Utkiavwin) has an iron bowl, noticeable 
for the ornamentation of the shank. The metal work has all been done 
with the file except the fitting of the saucer to the shank. This has 
evidently been heated and shrunk on. Three pipes have bowls of 
1 Compare J. Simpson, op. cit., p. 250, and Nordenskiéld, Vega, vol. 2, p. 116. 
2 Tents, etc., p.83; Vega, vol. 2, p. 116. 
3 The numbers first given are those of the National Museum; the numbers in brackets are those of 
the collector. 
