MURDOCH.) DRINKING. 71 
derson River and Cape Bathurst,! and have even been adopted by the 
Indians of the Yukon, who learned the use of tobacco from the Eskimo. 
They are undoubtedly of Siberian origin, as will be seen by comparing 
the figure of a “Chukeh” pipe in Nordenskidld’s Vega, vol. 2, p. 117, 
Fig. 7, and the figure of a Tunguse pipe in Seebohm’s “Siberia in Asia” 
(p. 149), with the pipes figured from our collection. Moreover, the 
method of smoking is precisely that practiced in Siberia, even to the 
proportion of wood mixed with the tobacco.” 
The consideration of the question whence the Siberians acquired this 
peculiar method of smoking would lead me beyond the bounds of the 
present work, but I can not leave the subject of pipes without calling 
attention to the fact that Nordenskidld® has alluded to the resemblance 
of these to the Japanese pipes. A gentleman who has spent many 
years in China also informs me that the Chinese pipes are of a very 
similar type and smoked in much the same way.t The Greenlanders 
and eastern Eskimo generally, who have learned the use of tobacco 
directly from the Europeans, use large-bowled pipes, which they smoke 
in the ordinary manner. In talking withus the people of Point Barrow 
eall tobacco “ tiba’” or “ tibaki,” but among themselves it is still known 
as ta/wak, which is the word found in use among them by the earliest 
explorers.© ‘Tiba” was evidently learned from the American whalers, 
as it was not in use in Dr. Simpson’s time. It is merely an attempt to 
pronounce the word tobacco, but has been adopted into the Eskimo 
1 This is an interesting fact, as it shows that the Eskimo from Demarcation Point east learned to 
smoke from the people of Point Barrow, and not from the English or the northern Indians, who use 
pipes ‘‘modeled after the clay pipes of the Hudson Bay Company.” (Dall, Alaska, p. 81, Fig. A.) 
They acquired the habit some time between 1837, when T. Simpson found them ignorant of the use of 
tobacco (see reference above, p. 65), and 1849, when they were glad to receive it from Pullen and Hooper. 
(Tents, ete., p. 258.) Petitot (Monographie, etc., p. xxvi) states that the Eskimo of the Mackenzie 
informed bim that the use of tobacco and the form of the pipe, with blue beads, labrets, and other things, 
came through the neighbors from a distant land called ‘‘ Nate/povik,”’ which he supposes to mean St. 
Michaels, but which, from the evidence of other travelers, is much more likely to mean Siberia. 
The Eskimo geography, on which Fr. Petitot relies so strongly, is extremely vague west of Barter 
Island, and savors of the fabulous almost as muchas the Point Barrow stories about the eastern natives. 
The evidence which leads Fr. Petitot to believe *‘ Nate’/povik” to be St. Michaels is rather peculiar. 
The Mackenzie natives call the people who are nearest to Nate’govik on the north ‘the Sedentary.” 
Now, the people who live nearest to St. Michaels on the north are the ‘‘Sedentary American Tchu- 
katchis'"(!); therefore Nate'povik is probably St. Michaels. (‘Le nom Natépovik semble convenira 
l'ancien fort russe Michaélowski, en ce que la trib: innok la plus voisine de ce poste, vers le nord, est 
désignée par nos Tchiglit sous le nom d’ Apkwam-méut ou de Sédentaires; or telle est la position 
gcographique qui convient aux sédentaires Tchukatches américains, dont la limite la plus septen- 
trionale, selon le capitaine Beechey, est la pointe Barrow.”) A slight acquaintance with the work of 
of Dall and other modern explorers in this region would have saved Fr. Petitot from this and some 
other errors. 
?See Wrangell, Narrative of an Expedition, ete., p. 58. ‘The Russians here [at Kolymsk, 1820] 
smoke in the manner common to all the people of northern Asia; they draw in the tobacco smoke, 
swallow it, and allow it to escape again by the nose and ears (!).’ The tobacco is said to be mixed 
with “finely powdered larch wood, to make it go further” (ibid.). See also Hooper, Tents, etc.: ‘‘Gen- 
erally, I believe, about one-third part of wood is used” (pp. 176 and 177; and Nordenskiéld, Vega, vol. 
2, p. 116.) 
3 Vega, vol. 2, p. 116. 
4See also Petitot, Monographie, ete., p. xxix. 
5See Beechey, Voyage, p. 323; T. Simpson, Narrative, p. 156—‘tobacco, which * * * they call 
tawac, or tawakh, a name acquired of course from Russian traders ;’’ Hooper, Tents, ete., p. 239; also 
Maguire and J. Simpson, loc. cit. passim. Petitot calls ta’wak ‘‘ mot frangais corrompu ”’! 
