MURDOCH. ] STOCKINGS—BOOTS AND SHOES. 129 
Boots and breeches united in this way so as to form pantaloons are 
peculiar to the west of America, where they are universally worn from 
the Mackenzie district westward and southward. We have no speci- 
mens of women’s leg coverings from the Mackenzie district, but Petitot! 
describes them thus: “Le pantalon * * * fait corps avee la chaus- 
sure.” In the east the women always wear breeches separate from the 
boots, which usually differ from those of the men in their size and length, 
often reaching to the hips.? 
Stockings.—Next.to the skin on the feet and legs the men wear stock- 
ings of deerskin, usually of soft, rather long-haired skin, with the hair in. 
These are usually in three pieces, the leg, 1, 
toe piece, 2, and sole, 3 (see diagram, Fig. 
74). A straight strip about 1 inch wide often 
runs round the foot between the sole and the 
other pieces. Stockings of this pattern, but 
made of very thick winter deerskin, are sub- 
stituted for the outer boots when deer-hunt- 
ing in winter in the dry snow, especially 
when snowshoes are used. They are warm; 
the flesh side sheds the snow well and the 
thick hair acts as a sort of wadding which 
keeps the feet from being galled by the bars 
and strings of the snowshoes. Many of the 
deer-hunters in 1883 made rough buskins 
of this pattern out of the skins of freshly 
killed deer simply dried, without further 
preparation. 
Boots and shoes —Over the stockings are 
worn boots or shoes with uppers of various 
kinds of skin, with the hair on, or black 
tanned sealskin, always fitted to heelless 
crimped moceasin soles of some different 
leather, of the pattern which, with some 
slight modifications of form, is universal 
among the Eskimo. These soles are made 
as follows: A “blank” for the sole is cut 
out, of the shape of the foot, but a couple 
of inches larger all round. Then, begin- 
ning at one side of the ball of the foot, the 
toe part is doubled over toward the inside of the sole, so that the 
edges just match. The two parts are then pinched together with 
Fic. 74.—Pattern of stocking. 
1 Monographie, ete., p. xv. 
2 Bessels, Naturalist, vol. 18, p. 865, SmithSound; Egede, p. 131, and Crantz, vol. 1, p. 138, Greenland; 
Parry, 2d Voy., p. 495 and 496, Iglulik, and Kumlien, op. cit., p. 23, Cumberland Gulf. Also in Labra- 
dor, see Pl. xvi, Naturalist, vol. 19, No. 6. The old couple whom Franklin met at the Bloody Fall of 
the Coppermine appear to have worn pantaloons, for he speaks of their ‘tight leggings sewed to 
shoes” (1st Exp., vol. 2, p. 180). 
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