222 THE POINT BARROW ESKIMO. 
All of the Eskimo race, as far as I have any definite information, use 
toggle harpoon-heads. There are specimens in the National Museum 
from Greenland, Cumberland Gulf, the Anderson and Mackenzie region, 
and from the Alaskan coast from Point Barrow to Kadiak, as well as 
from St. Lawrence Island, which are all of essentially the same type, 
but slightly modified in different localities. The harpoon head in use 
at Smith Sound is of the same form as the walrus harpoon heads used 
at Point Barrow, but appears always to have the shaft socket made by 
a groove closed with thongs.'! In Danish Greenland, however, the body 
has an extra pair of bilateral barbs below the blade. The Greenlanders 
have, as it were, substituted a metal blade for the point only of the 
barbed blade portion of such a bone head as No. 89379 [795].? 
Curiously enough, this form of the toggle head appears again in the 
Mackenzie and Anderson region, as shown by the extensive collections 
of Ross, MacFarlane, and others. In this region the metal blade itselfis 
often cut into one or more pairs of bilateral barbs. At the Straits of Fury 
and Hecla, Parry found the harpoon head, with a body like the walrus 
harpoon heads at Point Barrow,’ but with the blade in the plane of the 
body barb. Most of the pictures scattered through the work represent 
the blade in this position, but Fig. 19 on the same plate has the blade 
at right angles to the barb, so that the older form may not be universal. 
At Cumberland Gulf the form of the body is considerably modified, 
though the blade is of the usual shape and in the ordinary position. 
The body is flattened at right angles to the usual direction, so that the 
thickness is much greater than the width. It always has two body 
barbs. On the western coast the harpoon heads are much less modified, 
though there is a tendency to increase the number of body barbs, at the 
same time ornamenting the body more elaborately as we go south from 
Bering Strait. Walrus harpoon heads with a single barb, hardly dis- 
tinguishable from those used at Point Barrow, are in the collection from 
the Diomedes and all along the northern shore of Norton Sound, and 
one also from the mouth of the Kuskoquim. They are probably also 
used from Point Barrow to Kotzebue Sound. At St. Lawrence Island 
and on the Asiatic shore they are the common if not the universal form.* 
The seal harpoon head (nauly) at Point Barrow appears always to have 
the body barb split at the tip into two, and this is the case rarely with 
the tu’ke. This form, which appears occasionally north of Norton 
Sound (Port Clarence, Cape Nome), appears to be more common south of 
this locality, where, however, a pattern with the barb divided into three 
points seems to be the prevailing form. I will now proceed to the de- 
scription of the different forms of harpoon with which these toggle 
heads are used. 
1Kane, 2d Grinnell Exp., vol. 1, pp. 412 and 413 (Fig. 1), and Bessells, Naturalist, vol. 18, pt. 9, p. 
869, Figs. 6-12. 
2Crantz, vol. 1, p. 146, and Pl. v, Figs. 1 and 2, and Rink Tales, ete., Pl. opposite p. 10. 
32d Voyage, Pl. opposite p. 550, Fig. 13. 
4 Museum collections and Nordenskiéld, Vega, vol. 2, p. 105, Fig. 1. This figure shows the blade in 
he plane of the barb, but none of the specimens from Plover Bay are of this form. 
