242 THE POINT BARROW ESKIMO. 
head of black flint, 6 inches long. Fig. 240a, No. 89597 [1054], from 
Nuwitk, is of black flint, and unusually long in proportion, running into 
the tang with less shoulder than usual. Much of the original 
surface is left untouched on one face. This is probably very old. 
No. 89598 [1361] is a head of similar shape of dark gray flint from 
Sidaru. It is 6 inches long. Fig. 240b, No. 89599 [1373], from 
the same place and of similar material, is shaped very like the 
head of a steel lance. It is 5 inches long. Fig. 240ce, No. 89600 
[1069], from Utkiavwin, is still broader in proportion and almost 
heart-shaped. It is of bluish gray flint and 4°8 inches long. 
These heads probably represent most of the different forms in 
use. Only two types are to be recognized among them, the long- 
pointed oval with a short tang, and the broad leaf-shaped head 
with arather long tang, which appears to be the commoner form. 
We obtained one newly made lance of a pattern similar to the 
above, but smaller, which was said to be a model 
of the weapon used in attacking the polar bear 
before the introduction of firearms. The name, 
pa/nna, is curiously like the name panna given 
by Dr. Simpson and Capt. Parry to the large 
double-edged knife. The specimen, No. 89895 
[1230], Fig. 241, came from Utkiavwin. It has < 
head of gray flint 34 inches long, exclusive of the 
tang, roughly convex on one face, but flat and 
merely beveled at the edges on the other. The 
edges are finely serrate. The shaft is of spruce, 
6 feet 8 inches long, rounded and somewhat flat- 
tened at the tip, which is 1 inch wide and taper- py. 242, -Fiint 
ing to a diameter of 0-7 at the butt, and is painted head for bear lance. 
red with ocher. The tip has a slight shoulder to keep the whip- 
ping in place. The tang is wedged in with bits of leather and 
secured by a close whipping of sinew braid 14 inches deep. Fig. 
242, No, 89611 [1034], from Nuwtik, was probably the head of such 
a lance, although it is somewhat narrower and slightly shorter. 
Its total length is 3-4 inches. The other two large lance-heads, 
No. 56708a [114a] and No, 56708) [1146], are both new, but were 
probably meant for the bear lance. They are of gray flint, 3$ 
inches long, and have the edges regularly serrate. 
One form of lance is still in general use. It has a sharp metal 
head, and a light wooden shaft about 6 feet long. It is used in 
Fie.o4 the kaiak for stabbing deer swimming in the water, after the 
Bear manner frequently noticed among other Eskimo.' A pair of 
lance. these spears is carried in beckets on the forward deck of the 
kaiak. On approaching a deer one of them is slipped out of the 
becket and laid on the deck, with the butt resting on the combing of 
1 Parry, 2d Voy., p. 512 (Iglulik); Kumlien, Contributions, p. 54 (Cumberland Gulf); Schwatka, 
Science, vol. 4, No. 98, p.544 (King Williams Land). 
