304 THE POINT BARROW ESKIMO. 
It is finished off by winding the end three or four times round these turns, 
so as to tighten them up, and hitching it round two of them on one side. 
This method of hafting differs in no essential respect from that used on 
the mauls and adzes above described. 
We have also two heads for such mattocks, which hardly differ from 
the one described, except the No. 56494 [285] has the notches for the 
lashings on the side of the head instead of on the upper surface. It is 
16 inches long. The other, No, $9843 [1043], Fig. 304a, is a very rude 
head made of an almost cylindrical piece of rib. ‘This is a very old tool, 
which from its oily condition has evidently been long laid away in 
some blubber room at Utkiavwin. It is 15-2 inches long. 
These blunt-pointed mattocks are not so much used at present as 
picks with a sharp point mounted in the same way, and specially adapted 
for working in ice or hard frozen soil. I have, however, never seen them 
used for cutting holes in the ice for fishing, which some authors have sup- 
posed to be what they were meant for. Their shape makes them very 
inconvenient for any such a purpose, except when the ice is very thin. 
The ice pick, like those carried on the butt of the spear, is under any 
circumstances a more serviceable tool. These sharp pickax heads are 
generally made of a walrus tusk, the natural shape of which requires 
very little alteration to fit it for the purpose. We collected three of 
these ivory heads, all very nearly alike, of which No. 56539) [96], Fig. 
304), will serve as the type. This is the tip of a good-sized walrus 
tusk, 14-2 inches long, preserving very nearly the natural outline of the 
tusk except at the point, where it is rounded off rather more abruptly 
above. It is keeled along the upper edge and on the lower edge at 
the point, so that the latter is four-sided, and the sides of the butt are 
flattened. On the under side the butt is cut off flat for about 35 inches, 
leaving a low flange or ridge, and roughened with crosscuts to fit the 
end of the haft, and the butt is perforated with two large tranverse eyes 
for the lashing. The other two heads are almost exactly like this and 
very nearly the same size. 
Sharp-pointed pick heads of whale’s bone appear also to have been 
used, probably at an earlier date than the neatly finished ivory ones, as 
we collected three such heads, all very old and roughly made, and hay- 
ing notches or grooves for the lashings instead of eyes. Fig. 304¢ is 
one of these, No. 89544 [1515], from Utkiaywit, very rudely cut from a 
piece of whale’s rib, 12 inches long. 
I do not recollect seeing any of these bone-headed picks in use, while 
the ivory-headed one was one of the commonest tools. This Eskimo 
tool is in use at Pitlekaj, a village supposed to be wholly inhabited by 
sedentary Chukches.! 
TOOLS FOR SNOW AND ICE WORKING. 
Snow knives.—For cutting the blocks of snow used in building the 
INordenskiéld’s figures, Vega, vol. 2, p. 123. 
