BOURKE. | HAIR AND WIGS—MUDHEADS. 475 
formed of the owner’s hair and contributions from all sources plastered 
with clay into a stiff mass.' 
Melchior Diaz reported that the people of Cibola “¢élevent dans leurs 
maisons des animaux velus, grands comme des chiens d’Espagne. Ils 
les tondent, ils en font des perruques de couleurs.” This report was 
sent by the Viceroy Mendoza to the Emperor Charles V. Exactly what 
these domesticated animals were, it would be hard to say; they may 
possibly have been Rocky Mountain sheep,” though Mr. Cushing, who 
has studied the question somewhat extensively, is of the opinion that 
they may have been a variety of the Hama. 
The Assinaboine used to wear false hair, and also had the custom of 
dividing their hair into “joints” of an inch or more, marked by a sort 
of paste of red earth and glue;* The Mandan did the same. In this 
they both resemble the Mohave of the Rio Colorado. ‘The Algonquins 
believed also ina malignant Manitou. * * * She wore a robe made 
of the hair of her victims, for she was the cause of death.”° 
The Apache, until within the last twenty years, plucked out the eye- 
lashes and often the eyebrows, but only a few of them still persist in 
the practice. Kane says that the Winnebagoes “have the custom of 
pulling out their eyebrows.” Herrera says that among the signs by 
which the Tlascaltecs recognized their gods when they saw them in 
visions, were ‘‘vianle sin cejas, i sin pestantas.”* 
MUDHEADS. 
Reference has been made to a ceremonial plastering of mud upon the 
heads of Indians. When General Crook was returning from his expe- 
dition into the Sierra Madre, Mexico, in 1883, in which expedition a few 
of the enemy had been killed, the scouts upon reaching the San Ber- 
nardino River made a free use of the sweat bath, with much singing 
and other formulas, the whole being part of the lustration which all 
warriors must undergo as soon as possible after being engaged in battle. 
The Apache proper did not apply mud to their heads, but the Apache- 
Yuma did. 
Capt. Grossman, U.S. Army,® says of the Pima method of purifi- 
cation after killing an Apache, that the isolation of the warrior lasts 
for sixteen days, during which period no one speaks to him, not even 
the old woman who brings him his food. The first day he touches 
neither food nor drink, and he eats sparingly for the whole time, touch- 
1 For the Shamans of Kodiak, see Lisiansky, Voyage, London, 1814, p. 208; for the Mexicans, Padre 
José Acosta, Paris, 1600, cap. 26, p. 256; Society Islands, Malte-Brun, Univ. Geography, vol. 3, lib. 58. p. 
634, Boston, 1825. Sir Samuel Baker, The Albert *Nyanza, vol. 1, p. 211. 
2 Ternaux-Compans, vol. 9, p. 294. 
3 Catlin, North American Indians, London, 1845, vol. 1, p. 55 
4Thid., p. 95. 
5 Parkman, Jesuits in North America, p iXxxiv. 
6 Wanderings of an Artist in North America, p. 40. 
7 Dec. 2, lib. 6, p. 161. 
§ Smithsonian Report for 1871. 
