BOURKE. } GENERAL SACRED USE OF POWDER. 529 
that the Apache and the Aztecs, among whom they seem to have been 
most freely used on ceremonial occasions, were invaders in the country 
they respectively occupied, comparatively recent in their arrival among 
the contiguous tribes like the Zuni and Tusayan who on corresponding 
occasions offered to their gods a cultivated food like corn. The Tlas- 
caltec were known in Mexico as the ‘‘ bread people,” possibly because 
they had been acquainted with the cultivation of the cereals long before 
the Aztees. Similarly, there was a differentiation of the Apache from 
the sedentary Pueblos. The Apache were known to all the villages of 
the Pueblos as a *‘corn-buying tribe,” as will presently be shown. It 
is true that in isolated cases and in widely separated sections the 
Apache have for nearly two centuries been a corn-planting people, be- 
‘ause we find accounts in the Spanish chronicles of the discovery and 
destruction by their military expeditions of ‘‘ trojes” or magazines of 
Apache corn near the San Francisco (or Verde) River, in the present 
Territory of Arizona, as early as the middle of the last century. But 
the general practice of the tribe was to purchase its bread or meal from 
the Pueblos at such times as hostilities were not an obstacle to free 
trade. There was this difference to be noted between the Apache and 
the Aztecs: The latter had been long enough in the valley of Anahuac 
to learn and adopt many new foods, as we learn from Duran, who relates 
that at their festivals in honor of Tezcatlipoca, or those made in pur- 
suance of some vow, the woman cooked an astonishing variety of bread, 
just as, at the festivals of the Zuni, Tusayan, and other Pueblos in our 
own time, thirty different kinds of preparations of corn may be found.! 
I was personally informed by old Indians in the pueblos along the Rio 
Grande that they had been in the habit of trading with the Apache 
and Comanche of the Staked Plains of Texas until within very recent 
years; in fact, I remember seeing such a party of Pueblos on its return 
from Texas in 1869, as it reached Fort Craig, New Mexico, where I was 
then stationed. I bought a buffalo robe from them. The principal 
article of sale on the side of the Pueblos was cornmeal. The Zuni also 
sarried on this mixed trade and hunting, as I was informed by the old 
chief Pedro Pino and others. The Tusayan denied that they had ever 
traded with the Apache so far to the east as the buffalo country, but 
asserted that the Comanche had once sent a large body of their people 
over to Walpi to trade with the Tusayan, among whom they remained 
for two years. There was one buffalo robe among the Tusayan at their 
snake dance in 1881, possibly obtained from the Ute to the north of 
them. 
The trade carried on by the * buffalo” Indians with the Pueblos was 
noticed by Don Juan de Onate as early as 1599. He describes them as 
“dressed in skins, which they also carried into the settled provinces to 
i“ Tanta diterencia de manjares yde géneros de pan que era cosa estraia.’—Diego Duran, vol.3 
cap. 4, p. 219. 
2Davis, Conquest of New Mexico, p. 273. 
9 ETH 54 
