536 MEDICINE-MEN OF THE APACHE. 
whom it was observed by Forster.' These islanders used a white lime 
powder, also one of blue and another of orange made of turmeric. 
The Sandwich Islanders plastered their hair over “with a kind of 
lime made from burnt shells,” and Dillon speaks of the Friendly 
Islanders using lime, as Forster has already informed us.* The Hot- 
tentots made a lavish use of the medicinal powder of the buchu, which 
they plastered on their heads, threw to their sacred animals, and used 
liberally at their funerals.* Kolben dispels all doubt by saying: 
“These powderings are religious formalities.” He also alludes to the 
use, in much the same manner, of ashes by the same people. ® 
The use of ashes also occurs among the Zuni, the Apache (at times), 
and the Abipone of Paraguay. Ashes are also “thrown in the way of 
a whirlwind to appease it.’”® 
In the Witches’ Sabbath, in Germany, “it was said that the witches 
burned a he goat, and divided its ashes among themselves.”7 
In all the above cases, as well as in that of the use of ashes in the 
Christian churches, it is possible that the origin of the custom might 
be traced back either to a desire to share in the burnt offering or else 
in that of preserving some of the incinerated dust of the dead friend or 
relative for whom the tribe or clan was in mourning. Ashes in the 
Christian church were not confined to Lent alone; they “were worn 
four times a year, as in the beginning of Lent.”® 
Tuphramancy or divination by ashes was one of the methods of fore- 
vast in use among the priests of pagan Rome.? . 
In Northumberland the custom prevailed of making bonfires on the 
hills on St. Peter’s day. -*They made encroachments, on these oc- 
‘asions, upon the bonfires of the neighbouring towns, of which they took 
away some of the ashes by force: This they called ‘carrying off the 
flower (probably the flour) of the wake.’'° Moresin thinks this a ves- 
tige of the ancient Cerealia.” 
The mourning at [ddah, in Guinea, consists in smearing the forehead 
“with wood ashes and clay water, which is allowed to dry on. They 
likewise powder their hair with wood ashes.” ! 
1 Voyage Round the World, London, 1777, pp. 462, 463. 
2 Archibald Campbell, Voyage Round the World, N. Y., 1819, p. 136. 
3 Voyage of La Pérouse, London, 1829, vol. 2, p. 275. 
‘Peter Kolben’s Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, in Knox’s Voyage and Travels, London, 1767, 
vol. 2, pp. 391, 395, 406, 407. 
®Thid., p. 405. 
® Spencer, Desc. Sociology, art. ‘‘ Abipones.”’ 
?Gubernatis, Zoological Mythology, London, 1872, vol. 1, p. 423. 
® Fosbrooke, British Monachism, p. 83. 
*Gaule, Mag-astromancers Posed and Puzzel’d, p. 165, quoted in Brand, Popular Antiquities, 
vol. 3, pp. 329 et seq. 
Brand, Popular Antiquities, vol. 1, pp. 337, 338. 
"Laird and Oldfield’s Expedition into the Interior of Africa, quoted in Buckle’s Common place 
Book, p. 466. 
