546 MEDICINE-MEN OF THE APACHE. 
Europe in the word for flour, “farina,” ‘farine,” or “ harina,” while it is 
also possible that it may be detected in the ever-to-be:honored name of 
Farragut. ! 
In the eight marriage rites described by Baudhayana, the initiatory 
oblation in the fourth (that in which the father gives his daughter 
away) consists of ‘ parched grain.” This rite is one of the four which 
are lawful fora Brahman. The parched-grain to be used would seem 
to be either sesamum or barley, although this is not clear. Vasishtha 
says, chapter 27, concerning secret penances: ‘‘He who .. . uses 
barley (for his food) becomes pure.”? 
The pages of Brand® are filled with references to various forms of 
cake which seem properly to be included under this chapter. In Eng- 
land there formerly prevailed the custom of preparing ‘‘ soul cakes” for 
distribution among visitors to the family on that day and to bands 
of waits or singers, who expected them as a dole for praying and sing- 
ing in the interests of the souls of the dead friends and relatives of the 
family. On the island of St. Kilda the soul cake was “a large cake in 
the form of a triangle, furrowed round, and which was to be all eaten 
that night.”* In Lancashire and Hertfordshire the cake was made of 
oatmeal, but in many other parts it was a “seed cake”? and in War- 
wickshire, ‘‘ at the end of barley and bean seed time, there is a custom 
there to give the plowmen froise, a species of thick pancake.”® ‘+ All- 
soul cakes” were distributed at time of All Souls’ Day. 
In England and Scotland the old custom was to have a funeral feast, 
which all friends and relations were expected to attend. Wine, cur- 
rant cake, meat, and other refreshments, varying according to the for- 
tune of the family, were served liberally. The bread given out was 
ealled “arvil-bread.” There is no special reason for believing that 
this could be called a hoddentin custom, except that the writer himself 
calls attention to the fact that in the earlier times the bread was in the 
form of ‘‘ waters.”’® 
The Romans had a college of priests called the “‘ Fratres Arvales,” 
nine, or, as some say, twelve in number, to whose care were committed 
the sacrifices in honor of Ceres at the old Jinits of the city, to propitiate 
that goddess and induce her to bestow fertility upon the fields. These 
1<Var (from the Hebrew word var, frumentum) Grain. It not only means a particular kind of grain, 
between wheat and barley, less nourishing than the former, but more so than the latter, according to 
Vossius; but it means bread corn, grain of any kind. Zitius gives this application to any kind of 
frumentaceous grain, decorticated, cleansed from the husks, and afterwards bruised and dried.” 
London Medical Dictionary, Bartholomew Parr, M. D., Philadelphia, 1820, article ‘t Far’. 
“Ador or Athor was the most sacred wheat, without beard, offered at adoration of gods. In Latin 
Adorea was a present of such after a victory, and Ad-oro is ‘I adore,’ from oro, ‘I pray to.’ '—Forlong, 
Rivers of Life, vol. 1, p. 473, footnote, speaking of both Greeks and Romans. 
*Sacred Looks of the East, edition of Max Miiller, vol. 14, pp. 131, 205. 
Brand, Popular Antiquities, vol. 1, pp. 391 et seq., article ‘‘ Allhallow even.” 
4Tbid., p. 391. 
5 Thid., p. 392. 
® Tbid., p. 393. 
7 Tbid., vol. 2, pp. 237 et seq. 
STbid., p. 244. 
