1923] WEST, GRAND CANYON CLIFF DWELLINGS 75 



The Pueblo remains of the Grand Canyon are usually located on 

 some small level plat of ground near water, and apparently not built 

 for defensive purposes. Invariably the cliff dwellings are not far 

 distant, yet in almost inaccessible places, and in most cases seem to 

 have been used as retreats of safety, and as safe store-houses for their 

 food. There being little room for expansion and very small tracts of 

 ground that it was possible to cultivate, the inhabitants could not 

 thrive and multiply to any great extent. Their gardens were merely 

 spots in the wilderness of rock, kept green by chance springs of water 

 or running streams. Their houses were merely enclosed recesses 

 under the over-hanging rocks, walled up, thus making them almost 

 imperceptible, and usually reached by some narrow and almost im- 

 passable trail or by ladders or toe holes cut into the rock. But few 

 pictographs are found. From the quantities of metates and corn- 

 cobs found, it is evident that these were an agricultural people, and 

 probably were forced to seek their home in the dark recesses of the 

 Canyon by hostile pressure. We found no cavate lodges in the Can- 

 yon, possibly because of the fact that the geological formations are 

 unfavorable for that purpose. The climate in the Canyon is such as 

 to permit living in the open all the year which may account for the 

 cliff-dwellings there not being of great size. The large number of 

 cHff-dwellings throughout the Southwest, and the extent of the work 

 accomplished, suggests very considerable antiquity. 



RUINS NEAR LIPAN POINT 



At a number of places along the South Rim, small cliff and pueblo 

 ruins, are found. Near Lipan Point are five of these ruins. 



One is a small cliff ruin, consisting of four rooms, located about one 

 hundred and fifty yards east of the point at which the busses stop, 

 namely, the highest elevation on Lipan Point. It is about one hun- 

 dred feet below the rim of the Canyon and from the placement and size 

 of the rooms, as shown in figures 42 and 43, it seems probable that these 

 were used as storage places by the people occupying some of the near- 

 by pueblos. Figure 44 shows more detailed views of the walls of this 

 ruin. 



Toward the west, and on the opposite side of Lipan Point, from the 

 cliff ruin just mentioned, is the small one shown in figure 45. It is 

 also located in the cliff down under the rim and is excellently pro- 

 tected. 



On the summit of Lipan Point itself, are the remains of a small 



