The Languages of the Pacific. 23 
greatly changed from the primeval, or archetype language, as 
English has changed from Anglo-Saxon, or Italian from Latin. It 
is generally by contact with other peoples, most effectually by 
change of mothers or household environment that these changes 
occur, where there is no change in latitude. but it is the vowels 
that show the least change, for they are the product of the larnyx 
and internal organs of the throat. The consonants are manipulated 
by the external parts of the organs of speech which are more affected 
by changes of temperature and moisture. In assigning a place to a 
language we must never forget this distinction between the vowels, 
the products of the protected organs of speech, and the consonants, 
the products of the unprotected and manipulative organs of speech, 
the palate, tongue, teeth and lips. In Indo-European and in Poly- 
nesian the vowels are naturally therefore the least subject to change, 
the least unstable. In both it is the consonants that have been most 
subject to change. But it is the Indo-European that has shown the 
most change. It has split up each of its explosive consonants, those 
ot the lips, teeth and palate into three, (p, b, 1; t, d, th;.k, g, gh), 
and has thus added six sounds to its original range. That this was 
the case is shown by the discovery of a new Aryan language by Sir 
Aurel Stein in Chinese Turkestan, some seven or eight years age. 
He found a manuscript in the ruins of a Buddhist city written in an 
unknown tongue that was spoken by a people, the Tochari, included 
during Roman times in the Bactrian empire. It was found to be a 
pure Aryan tongue of the EKuropeaa type before the consonants had 
changed; it had only one dental, one labial and one palatal. If 
Polynesian is not merely a language that has an Aryan element in it, 
as Fornander very thoughtfully proved, but is an Aryan language 
itself, as he declared, then it parted from the primeval European 
type before the consonantal changes had gone far. It has t, k, and 
in most of its dialects p, but Tongan shows the change of p to b 
as it shows the change from ¢ to ch or tz. Primeval Aryan as it is 
seen in Tocharish has the same range of sounds as Polynesian and 
practically the same sounds and number of sounds. It showed the 
same tendencies to drop k, to make t and k interchangeable, to elide 
r or make it interchangeable with / or d, to substitute s for h, f for 
wh, and » for ng. Its fundamental vowel was a; and so it is in 
Polynesian. Look in the Hawaiian dictionary and you will find ten 
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