The Languages of the Pacific. 17 
nesian word for interval or “space between”; 8 (waru)—10—(space 
between or minus)2, 9 (iwa)—-one—from 10. Lima, the word 
for five, is not without trace in European, though not as a numeral. 
There is a European root form, “rima,’ meaning “row, numbers, 
verse.’ In Old Norse rim==calendar, verse. In old Irish rim=—= 
number. In Old High German Rim—row, number, German Retm—= 
English rhyme. Compare the Greek arithmos, a number, neritos, 
countless. It is from the same root as ra, to arrange, to fit, Latin 
reri, to think, ratio, read, reckon, hundred. The original form is 
ra, Maori rarangi, line, rank, row. The ri form is seen in whakarite, 
to arrange, put in order, Hawaiian like, to be like. Many of the 
languages use lima not only for “five” but for “hand,” evidently 
meaning “the counter,” but in Maori and Fijian the word for hand 
is “ringa,” implying that “ma,” was felt to be an affix, just as ga 1s. 
We may say then that the Polynesian ancestors were only feeling 
their way up first beyond three and then beyond five. They were 
feeling their way towards “tekau” which first meant “the company,” 
“the lot,’ and, when they counted beyond, came to be “ten” or in 
some “‘eleven.”’ (Compare kau, company, lot,—ngahu-ru, Gilbertese 
tengaun—10, Tongan u—bundle, kehui, flock.) The Hawaiian “wit” 
easily meant at first “the measure.” The usual Polynesian ngahuru, 
for “ten,” becomes in Malay “sapuloh” by prefixing “sa’—one, to 
puloh, equivalent to huru, the hair. Sapuloh means the bunch of 
hairs, nga, the plural article in Maori, being replaced by sa, and 
huru, brushwood, coarse hair, in English “wool.” 
The true classification of linguistic affinities is not by their 
grammar, but by their phonology, i.e. the range of sounds and 
sound laws that belong to them. The organs of speech do not 
change unless the climatic environment is changed, or the mothers. 
To shift from the temperate zone to the tropics relaxes all the 
tissues, including the tissues of the speech organs; to shift in the 
opposite direction gives them greater tensity and vigor. And if 
at the age of the moulding of a man, i.e. from infancy to seven 
years old, he is set in a different speech-environment from that of 
his ancestry his speech organs will be different. It is the mother 
or nurse that creates the phonological capacity of a man or woman. 
The speech organs are set practically for life during the first seven 
years, the period when it is the mother that is the dominant influence. 
[Sa] 
