16 The Languages of the Pacific. 
its independence and be separated from its verb. Of the inflectional 
type the best instances are found in the Indo-European tongues. 
Latin is highly inflectional, Greek still more so, and Sanskrit most 
of all. In Polynesian the inflections of the dual and plural personal 
pronouns still reveal their origin; the dual of the first person is 
maua or kaua, of the third /aua; here the addition of ua is evidently 
for the numeral Jua; the plural of the first is makouw or kakou and 
of the third Jakou; this again shows its origin in kolu, three. 
These inflections for the plural were manifestly formed at a most 
primitive linguistic stage when the ancestral speakers of Polynesian 
did not count beyond three; one and two were definite, three was 
all beyond, the indefinite. This must have been before they launched 
out into the Pacific, for there for the first time they counted up to 
five; lima for five is practically universal in the so-called Malayo- 
Polynesian languages; but they had been able to count up to four 
before they left the sphere of influence of the Indo-European 
languages. “One” varies most of all the numerals. Polynesian 
rua for two is the Latin duo, English two; for the sound-law that 
makes / or r and d interchangeable existed as strongly in early 
Indo-European as it does in Polynesian and Malay. Latin lacryma, 
Old Latin dakruma, is Greek dakru, Gothic tagra, Anglo-Saxon 
teagor, tear. Polynesian torw or tolw is the uncontracted form of 
Latin tres, German drei, English three; whilst Polynesian wha, 
four, is Latin quatuor, Sanskrit catvar, Anglo-Saxon feover. There 
is no trace of “five” in Polynesian or of lima as a numeral in any 
Indo-European tongue. Yet the Polynesian must have retained 
some consciousness of the old European for one, (Latin unus, Old 
Latin oinos), for in counting on the second hand, six is ono, i. e., 
number one of the second hand. Wdhituw for “seven” retains a 
trace of “septem” (from sa-pita). It is probably a modification of 
“w)uti,’ to cross over, Hawaiian hiki, to come, to rise, just as “tres” 
is from “tara” to cross over. The Polynesian forms for eight 
(waru) and nine (iwa) belong to that by no means uncommon 
method of counting from the highest number counted downwards 
by subtraction; thus e.g. the numbers between five and ten in Yap 
are ten minus one, two, etc., which may be compared with the 
Roman numeration IV, IX, XL, XC. Malay also expresses gg, 98, 
97, etc., by “hundred minus 1, 2, 3, etc.” Wa is a common Poly- 
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