UNGULATA. 461 



or more crescents, as in deer and oxen. They are termed hypsodont 

 when the crown of each tooth is long and the root short, and 

 brachydont «"hen the reverse is the case, as shown in the accom- 

 panying figure. The brachydont is the normal or original form, 

 and the great lengthening of the crown in horses, oxen, &c., 

 appeal's to be the result of specialization. Eootless teeth with 

 persistent pulps, like the incisors of rodents, elephants, and hippo- 

 potami, are a more advanced stage of the same specializing process. 

 Hypsodont molars in a rodent have already been noticed in the 

 case of Eupetaurus (p. 359). 



The present order contains four existing suborders, of which three 

 are Indian. They are thus distinguished : — 



A. Os magnum of carpus articulating with lunar 



or cuneiform, not with scaphoid. (Subun- 

 gulata.') 

 a. Size very large ; a long flexible pro- 

 boscis ; toes 5 — 5 Pkoboscidea. 



h. Size small ; no proboscis ; toes 4 (5) — 3. 



Eesembliug rodents Hyeacoidea. 



B. Os magnum articulating with scaphoid 



(figs. 151, 157, pp. 468, 480) ; toes never 

 exceeding 4 in number. (Ungulata vera.) 



a. Third or middle digit of all feet 



largest Perissodactyla. 



b. The two median digits (3rd and 4th) 



equal Aetiodactyea. 



The ffgracoidea (Hgrax or Procavia) are only found in Africa, 

 Syria, and xlrabia. 



In preparing the following account of the Indian Ungulates, I 

 have been able to make use of the important new work on 

 " Mammals, living and extinct," by I'lower and Lydekker, and of 

 W. L. Sclater's new ' Catalogue of Mammaha in the Indian 

 Museum'; whilst for details of habits and occasionally of coloration 

 and measurement, especially those of Himalayan and Tibetan 

 species, I have taken much from Kinloch's ' Large Game Shooting.' 

 Sterndale's ' Mammalia of India and Ceylon ' has also been of 

 much service in the present as in other orders. 



The Indian extinct Ungulata are so numerous that it is im- 

 possible to notice all in this work. Full details will be found in 

 the ' Palaontologia Indica,' Series x. (Lydekker), and in Falconer's 

 ' Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis ' and ' Palajontological Memoirs.' A 

 general list, with notes, by Lydekker has been printed in tiie 

 Ilecords of the Geological Survey of India for 1887, pp. 51-79. 

 Earlier lists by the same writer appeared in 1880 (J. A. S. B. 

 •xlix, pt. 2, p. 8) and 1883 (Eec. G. S. I. xvi, p. 87). 



2 i2 



