PEBISSODACTYLA. 467 



clearly proved. During such attacks the animals are said to be 

 " mast," and are often dangerous to men or to other elephants. 

 The attack is preceded and accompanied by the flow of an oily 

 secretion from a small orifice in each temple. Sanderson says he 

 has seen the same secretion in newly caught female elephants. A 

 somewhat similar phenomenon occurs amongst camels. 



Much has been written on the capture and hunting of elephants. 

 \Yild herds are usually driven into stockades or Kheddahs, enclo- 

 sures made of trunks of trees. The animals are then secured, and 

 removed one by one by the aid of tame elephants. Another mode 

 of capture, especially of large males, is to follow them on females and 

 to tie their hind legs when they are asleep. Some wild individuals 

 are run down by fast tame elephants, and the neck or legs noosed. 



UNGULATA VERA. 



The true Ungulates form a very well-marked group, and all living 

 forms are higher in organization than the Subungulates. They 

 agree in the following characters : — The toes never exceed four in 

 any foot ; the first digit is always wanting. The malar or jugal 

 bone in all living forms is in contact with the lachrymal, and is not 

 confined to the zygomatic arch, but forms part of the wall of the 

 skull. The os mca/mim of the carpus articulates with the scaphoid. 

 The testes descend into a scrotum. The uterus is bicornuate, the 

 placenta non-deciduate, and the chorionic villi either evenly diffused 

 or collected in groups or cotyledons. The mammae are usually 

 inguinal and never exclusively pectoral. Cerebral hemispheres well 

 convoluted and covering part of the cerebellum. 



Suborder PEBISSODACTYLA. 



This suborder is poorly represented at the present day — horses, 

 rhinoceroses, and tapirs being the only surviving members of a 

 group of animals that was extensively developed in the earlier 

 Tertiary periods. 



Perissodactyle Ungulates are characterized by the third or middle 

 digit being much more developed than the others, and by its having 

 the two sides similar. The number of digits in each foot is, as a 

 rule, odd, and in living forms either one or three, except in tapirs, 

 which have four toes ou each fore foot. The femur bears a " third 

 trochanter," a flattened and curved process from the outer side of 

 the bone near the proximal end ; the dorsal and lumbar vertebrae 

 together are 22 to 24 in number ; the nasal bones are expanded 

 posteriorly, and there is an alisphenoid canal. The premolar and 

 molar teeth in existing genera are similar and form a continuous 

 series ; the crown of the last lower molar is bilobed. The stomach 

 is simple, the caecum large, the placenta diffused, and the mamma? 

 inguinal. 



