158 ON SYSTEMATIC ZOOLOGY. 
is first excluded by the female, and contains the insect 
in its smallest state: from the egg is produced the /arva, 
grub, or caterpillar, of a moist soft substance, without 
wings, slow in motion ; often with numerous feet, some- 
times with none; sterile, and very voracious of its pro- 
per food: from this state it passes into that of the 
pupa, chrysalis, or nymph, which is drier and harder 
than the last, confined in a narrow compass, naked or 
enclosed in a web; often without a mouth; and some- 
times with, sometimes without feet: escaping from this 
last confinement, it becomes the perfect insect, furnished 
with antenne. Such is the general definition given by 
the illustrious Swede of the class Znsecta. But we shall 
gain a better insight into his views by looking to the 
construction of his primary groups. 
(212.) The first divisions of the class are into seven 
orders, as follows: — 
Modern Orders. 
Wings four; the upper ee Coleoptera 
I: Coleoptera. ous, with a straight suture. 
: Wings four; the upper semi-crus- ? Hemiptera 
2. Hemiptera. § au 
era peers ¢ taceous and incumbert. Homoptera. 
Wings four; all of them membra- 
3. Lepidoptera. naceous and imbricate with fine ¢ Lepidoptera. 
scales. 
( Neuroptera} 
¢ Wings four, all of them membra- | Orthoptera. 
4, Neuroptera. naceous and reticulate; tail un-~{ Dermoptera. 
(2 armed. Trichoptera. 
Strepseptera. 
¢ Wings four, all of them membra- 
5 iy 
5. Hymenoptera. td naceous ; tail armed with asting. } Hayanenoptera- 
6. Diptera, Manes two, his a poiser eK Diptera. 
Classes. 
Suctoria Lat. 
feueuces Lat. 
im Aptera Lat. 
Myriapoda Leach. 
7. Aptera. } Wings none in either sex. 4 Thysanura Leach. 
{ Ametabolia Leach. 
Arachnoida Leach. 
Acari Leach. 
Vee crac: 
(213.) On comparing these primary divisions with 
those of Aristotle, we observe a marked improvement in 
two essential points. The first regards the separation 
of the Hymenoptera from the Neuroptera, both which 
