PARTIAL SYSTEMS. 183 
and Clairville. Following the order of these names, 
we proceed to give a slight sketch of each. 
(235.) Illiger published his classification of quadru- 
peds and birds in 1811. The former he divides into four- 
teen orders, from characters taken from the feet. These 
orders he arranges under two great or primary divisions : 
the first containing the true quadrupeds; the second 
the aquatic or cetaceous Mammalia, and the seals : thus 
making, at the outset, a retrograde movement from 
natural arrangement. These orders, again, are divided 
into families, under which are arranged the genera. 
As the groundwork of this system is eminently arti- 
ficial, and as the genera (excellent in themselves) have 
been all incorporated in the Réegne Animal, there is no 
occasion to enter upon further particulars. In arrang- 
ing the class of birds, our author has been somewhat 
more successful in his higher combinations, although 
here, likewise, he is inferior to Aristotle. He makes 
seven orders of the whole; considering the Scanseres, 
or climbers, as distinct from the perching birds (Jn- 
sessores), Which he terms Ambulatores ; while he se- 
parates, in like manner, the Cursores, or ostrich family, 
from the Rasores, to which they truly belong: for the 
rest, the genera are all good, although the series in 
which they are placed evinces that the author had no 
idea of the difference between analogy and affinity. 
These genera are all incorporated in the present work, 
under the classical and appropriate names bestowed 
upon them in the Prodromus Systematis Mammalium 
et Avium of this accomplished zoologist. 
(236.) The ornithological system of M. Vieillot is 
chiefly remarkable for the incorporation of the scansorial 
birds with the perchers, both forming a part of our 
author’s second order, Sylvicole. He likewise rectified 
the error of Illiger, in regard to the ostrich family, 
which he makes the first group among the waders. 
This arrangement is not far from natural ; so that we 
find, for the first time in modern systems, the natural 
series of the five orders of birds. M. Vieillot’s system 
w 4& 
