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FACULTIES OF THE MIND. Q75 
Malevolent Affections. 
The benevolent affections have, for their object, the com- 
munication of pleasure or protection to others,—those which 
we are now to consider, are regarded as destined to excite 
to the commission of actions calculated to inflict pain. The 
very existence of such a class of principles may, with great 
propriety, be doubted 
In regard to the malevolent affection termed anger or 
resentment, it is merely a display of the love of life ; 
a desire which we have already considered. And as a 
proof of the truth of this opinion, we find, that it is usu- 
ally regulated by the extent of the injury, and the con- 
sequent risks of life which it occasions. In like man- 
ner when we are united in social affection with our kind, 
indignation is excited when we see others injured ; be- 
cause, without being checked, the evil may extend to our- 
selves, 'The same determination to support our neighbours 
is evinced, when our attachment is fixed on individuals of 
other species, as a horse or abird. It displays itself in the 
dog, who will resent a blow given to his master, with as 
much keenness as one inflicted on himself. The hatred 
which we observe subsisting between different species, uni- 
formly arises from our appetites or desires. A cat will kill 
a shrew, but will not eat it. This, however, does not arise 
from any hatred to the shrew, but in having, from the hurry 
of capture, mistaken it for a mouse. Our other malevolent 
affections, as jealousy and envy, may be traced to the selfish- 
ness of our appetites and desires. The existence, indeed, of 
a set of principles in the constitution, whose sole object was to 
inflict pain, would be worse than useless in the economy of 
animals, Pain is, without doubt, necessarily inflicted, in the 
gratification of the appetites and desires of nearly all animals. 
But although pain or suffering be correlative with our in- 
stincts, there are none of these which appear to be exclusive- 
Pa) 
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