328 PHILOSOPHY OF ZOOLOGY. 
logist and chemist. THENaRp considers bile as consisting, 
besides the saline ingredients and water, of a yellow matter, 
of a resin, and a substance. which he terms picromel, white, 
solid, and soluble in water and alcohol. BrrzE.ius con- 
siders bile as consisting of water ; a peculiar biliary matter, 
of the nature of albumen, and of mucus of the gall-bladder 
dissolved in the bile, together with alkalis and salts, com- 
mon to all the secreted fluids. In this peculiar biliary mat- 
ter Brrzexius could not detect any azote. 
That different animals should furnish bile with proper- 
ties depending on the food which they consumed, and con- 
sequently dissimilar in its nature, was reasonably to be ex- 
pected. Turenanp found the matter which he describes as 
picromel, to be present both in some herbivorous and car- 
nivorous animals; while im others he could not detect its 
presence. 
When the chyme has become mixed with the pancreatic 
juice and the bile, it enters into that state im which a part 
of it 1s fit to be absorbed for the nourishment and support 
of the system, the remaining portion being thrown out as 
excrement. 
The intestines have been divided by anatomists into the 
smaller and larger. ‘The smaller intestines, in the more per- 
fect animals, consist, first, of the duodenum, mto which the 
food passes from the stomach, and receives the two secreted 
fluids which we have now mentioned, and in which the food 
is changed into two parts, a nutritive and a useless. This part 
of the intestine is larger in its dimensions than that which im- 
mediately follows, and which 1s termed the jgunum, from 
the circumstance of its empty collapsed appearance. The 
remaining portion, termed éiwm, is the longest and most 
convoluted. During the passage of the food through the 
small intestines, the chyle is separated by the mouths of 
the absorbing lacteals. In order to expose the food toa 
