244 pniLOsoi'HY of zoology. 



portion to its Icnglli, than the other neighbouring genera, 

 A. arvensis. 



Hind-toe of ordinary size and shape. 

 Base of the bill with numerous hairs. 



95. Paiius. Titmouse. Bill short and sharp pointed. 

 P. major. 



Base of the bill plain. 

 Commissure of the hill straight. 

 Bill slender, angular, and pointed. 



96. SiTTA. Nut-hatch. Hind-claw strong. S. Europeea. 



Bill strong rounded. 



Bill more or less inflated at tlie base. The following ge- 

 nera depend on the gradations of this character, l)eginning 

 with those in which it is most obvious. 



97. Ploceus. Loxia FhiUppma. 



98. CoccoTHRAUSTEs. Loxiu ccccotliraustes. 



99. Pyiirhula. Bullfinch. Loxia Pyrrhula. 



100. Pyrgita. Sparrow. FrhigUIa domestica. 



101. Vidua. Tail coverts produced. Emberiza re- 

 gia. 



Bill exactly conical. The following genera exhibit a 

 gradation in the length of the bill. 



102. Frikgilla. Chaffinch F. ccelebs. 



103. Carduelis. Gold-finch. Fringilla carduelis. 



104. Ltnaria. Linnet, Fringilla Imaria. 



Commissure of the bill interrupted. 



105. Cassicus. Bill exactly conical and very large. 

 Base of the upper mandible ascending on the front. Orio- 

 his cristatus. 



■ 106. Sturxus. Stare. Bill depressed, and of the or- 

 dinary size. 'S*. vulgaris. 



