582 PHILOSOPHY OF ZOOLOGY. 



Order II. — Lepidopteka. 



This extensive and beautiful order includes the butter- 

 flies and moths. The wings are four in number, membra- 

 naceous in texture, irregularly ribbed, and covered with 

 coloured scales, in the form of a farinaceous powder. The 

 parts of the mouth are formed for suction. There are only 

 vestiges of the labrum and mandibulse. The maxillae are 

 produced, with a groove on the inner edge. When united, 

 as they are naturally, they form a tubular proboscis, 

 through which the animal obtains its food. The maxillary 

 palpi are inserted upon the base externally, and are mi- 

 nute. The labium is short and without joints, and sup- 

 ports two obvious palpi with three joints. There are two 

 compound eyes, and in some species two ocelli. The an- 

 tennae consist of many joints, and are usually much longer 

 than the head. The segments of the thorax are united. 

 The tarsal joints are six in number. The larvce have six 

 feet with claws, and from four to ten others on the posterior 

 portion of the body, which they use as suckers. They are 

 changed into a pupa obtecta. The genera are now divided 

 into three orders, corresponding with the Linnean genera 

 Papilio, Sphinx, and Phalsena. 



I. Lepidoptera Didrna.— The upper wings at least, 

 in all the species, are vertical in a state of rest, and the low- 

 er ones are destitute of hooks. The antennae are clavated, 

 or filiform, with hooked extremities. Among these, the 

 Papilionidse have tlie hinder tibise furnished with two sjjines, 

 situate at the tarsal end, as in Papilio, Parnassius, Thais, 

 Pieris, Polyomatus, Heliconius, Danaus, Cethosia, Liby- 

 thea, and Nymphalis. The Hesperiadae, including Hespe- 

 ria and Urania, have four spines to the hinder tibiae, two 

 in the middle and two at the tarsal extremity, as in the re- 

 maining lepidoptera. 



