December iS, 1902] 



NA TURE 



15; 



thirty-eight. Most of the party met at Minneapolis and 

 journeyed to the coast in chartered cars which were cut 

 off for several days in the mountains both going and 

 returning. This enabled those who wished to climb 

 some of the peaks in the vicinity of Banff, Laggan and 

 Glacier. The whole region along the Canadian Pacific 

 Railway from Banff to Mission abounds in problems for 

 alpinists, and there is no better climbing in Europe or 

 North America than that near Laggan, where Mounts 

 Temple, Victoria, Hector, Hungabee and Lefroy, among 

 the rest, are a perpetual challenge to the venturesome. 



At the Minnesota Seaside Station, three buildings have 

 been erected. One, a large log boarding house some 

 thirty by sixty feet upon the ground and two storeys in 

 height, serves as a camp. A smaller one-storey log house 

 is used as a laboratory for zoology, and a two-storey 

 frame building, twenty-four by forty feet in dimen- 

 sions, is occupied by elementary and advanced students 

 of botany. Lecture courses last year were conducted for 

 the most part out of doors— either in the forest or upon 

 the rocks by the sea. Indoor talks in connection with 



-Kelp-covered rock at low tide showing specimens of Alalia, Egregia and Halo^accion 

 in characteristic altitudes. Phyllospadix scouUri appears in the foreground. 



microscopic study of fresh material or around the fire- 

 place in the large living room after dinner were also 

 features of the work. 



Several papers, both of a scientific and popular nature, 

 and based upon observations or research at the Minne- 

 sota Seaside Station, have already been published. Some 

 of these have appeared in " Minnesota Botanical Studies " 

 and others in " Postelsia," the year-book of the Station, 

 the volume of which for 1901 has recently come from 

 the press. 



Many useful phases of marine biological work have not 

 yet been, and perhaps never will be, developed at Poit 

 Renfrew. There is an absence of dredging apparatus. 

 No pumps, conduits or artificial aquaria have been 

 installed, nor are the buildings supplied with electricity 

 or gas. A serviceable steam launch is still one of the 

 dreams of the future. Unlike most other marine stations, 

 the one on the Straits of Fuca has never received any 

 gratuities whatever from Government, institution, society 

 or individual, but has been built and modestly equipped 

 entirely through the cooperation of those who have 



NO. 1729, VOL. 6j~\ 



enrolled themselves among its members. It is, in fact, 

 organised somewhat like a club, and while unable to 

 compete with the older stations in expenditure, neverthe- 

 less derives a certain advantage from its community of 

 interest and independence. 



For the use of the illustrations which accompany this 

 article, we are indebted to the Popular Science Monthly. 



MR. CARNEGIE'S ST. ANDREWS ADDRESS. 1 



MR. CARNEGIE'S rectorial address at St. Andrews 

 is an interesting study in the psychology of the 

 typical business man of modern times, as well as a 

 memoir on the conditions of great business, which people 

 must read for the sake of the shrewd and acute remarks 

 themselves, such as no statesman or economic student 

 can afford to overlook. The address is written exclusively 

 from the point of view of a great industrial chief who 

 has availed himself to the full of the conditions of busi- 

 ness in the most favoured and wealthy community which 

 the world has yet seen — that of the 



1 United States. He has observed and 



seized the great opportunity for the 

 concentration and development of in- 

 dustry on a large scale which the 

 United States has afforded. A 

 large area of complete internal free 

 trade, and an active, vigorous and 

 rapidly growing population throughout 

 this area, have given the United 

 States manufacturer for many years 

 an unrivalled opportunity for colossal 

 arrangements, involving the cheapen- 

 ing of cost by means of subdivision of 

 labour and the institution of mechan- 

 ical and automatic processes wherever 

 hand labour could be superseded. 

 This opportunity, properly used, has 

 been the occasion of Mr. Carnegie's 

 gigantic fortune, and it is accordingly 

 natural that he should speak of all 

 business as conforming to this type, 

 so that a community like the United 

 States supplies the model for great 

 manufacturing business in future. The 

 cheapness of production once estab- 

 lished, it is assumed, will enable the 

 United States to be the most success- 

 ful competitors internationally, and 

 Britain accordingly will take a se- 

 cond place in future, if not a third 

 place, with Germany second. Na'urally 

 also, Mr. Carnegie regards the protectionist policy of 

 the United States as having contributed to this result 

 and given the United States manufacturer the monopoly 

 of his large home market. Nor is it surprising to find 

 the ordinary American idea about the economic effect 

 of military armaments put forward by Mr. Carnegie as 

 explaining the backward state of Europe compared with 

 the United States. The ideas come from his environ- 

 ment and history, and the result of their combination 

 with Mr. Carnegie's own shrewd observations is the 

 present most instructive address. 



The interest, however, is mainly psychological. Econ- 

 omically, there is nothing really new and true. Adam 

 Smith explained long ago the economic gain of the sub- 

 division of labour, the condition of manufacturing on a 

 large scale, while the practical value of manufacturing on 

 a large scale and for the largest possible market was 

 exemplified first of all, not by the American, but by the 

 Lancashire manufacturer, who had the home market of 



1 A rectorial address delivered to the students in the University of St. 

 Andrews, October 22, by Andrew Carnegie. (T. anil A. Constable, roo2.) 



