18 
NATURE 
| Marcu 5, I914 
rocks have been overthrust and the pebbles in the | sanatorium benefit, came into operation; the capital 
conglomerates sheared and shattered. | One striking 
feature of this mining field is the rarity of igneous 
rocks; they are represented only by two small pipes 
of orthoclase-porphyry, which appear to have no con- 
nection with the ores. The mineral deposits are attri- 
buted by Mr. Andrews to the post-Devonian earth 
movements. Certain features suggested that they 
might be bedded ores; but, as so often happened with 
ores so regarded, more detailed study has shown that 
they are of secondary origin. They have been formed 
in connection with great fault movements and by the 
replacement of slate by sulphides. This conclusion is 
definitely established by Mr. Andrews’s excellent 
monograph, which includes a detailed account of the 
geology, history, and mines of this field. 
The chief copper-bearing mineral is chalcopyrite, 
and it is associated with pyrrhotite, ordinary iron 
pyrites, and a silicate of iron, which is identified by 
Mr. Card as ekmannite. The ores have undergone 
great secondary concentration, which Mr. Andrews 
attributes, with great probability, to the arid climate 
and prolonged stability of the field. Ever since the 
post-Devonian disturbances the country does not 
appear to have been affected by any earth movements 
except some minor oscillations; and the level has only 
been lowered by denudation about 200 ft., according 
to Mr. Andrews’s estimate, during all later geological 
times. The chemical analyses are of especial value 
owing to the determination of an unusually large 
number of constituents. The description of the field 
is illustrated by a series of plates, some of which are 
coloured, showing the intimate structure of the ores 
and the relation of their constituent minerals; and the 
memoir is accompanied by a portfolio of maps and 
mine plans. All the separate mines are described in 
detail. The discussion of the ores shows wide 
acquaintance with the recent literature on the subject, 
and the author’s conclusions command respect owing 
to the obvious care and accuracy with which the work 
has been conducted. The author’s view that mag- 
netite is formed only under conditions of great heat 
is perhaps too general, and the remark that the 
Murray River enters the sea near Adelaide might mis- 
lead a reader who is not used to judging proximity 
by Australian standards of distance. OWS oe 
PUBEIC “HEALTH. 
WE have received the report, for 1912-13, of the 
Medical Officer of the Local Government 
Board. There is no greater authority than Dr. News- 
holme on all matters of public health, and every page 
of his report should be read by all who care for our 
national health and efficiency. Among many other 
subjects of interest, he directs attention to the practical 
problems of ‘‘typhoid carriers,” the present rather 
threatening facts of cerebro-spinal fever and _polio- 
myelitis, and the contrast of the steady decline of 
scarlet fever, diphtheria, and typhoid, with the 
obduracy of measles. Of smallpox, 121 cases were 
notified during 1912 in England and Wales, but only 
nine died. It may be worth noting that, in one house- 
hold, three small children died, whose parents had 
declined vaccination for them. 
Tuberculosis, naturally, occupies a great part of 
Dr. Newsholme’s report. For, beside the grant of 
some 60,000!. annually for research, the year 1912-13, 
as Dr. Newsholme says, ‘will always stand out as 
a landmark in the history of the administrative control 
of tuberculosis. During this year the Board made 
all forms of tuberculosis compulsorily notifiable; the 
provisions of the National Insurance Act, IQII, as to 
NO. 22m VOL. O3'] 
grant under the Finance Act, 1911, of 13 millions 
sterling for the provision of institutions for the treat- 
ment of tuberculosis in the United Kingdom, became 
available; and the important offer was made by the 
Treasury to defray one-half of the annual cost of 
schemes for the treatment of tuberculosis, proposed 
by local authorities and approved by the Local 
Government Board, which are available for the entire 
population, after deducting any contribution received 
from the local insurance committee or from other 
sources.”’ Other points of interest, in Dr. News- 
holme’s report, touch the work of the Medical Depart- 
ment of the Board; the work of the International 
Health Office, the International Sanitary Conference 
in Paris, 1912, and other services rendered to the 
public by the Medical Department. 
After Dr. Newsholme’s report, come Dr. Bruce 
Low’s admirable and authoritative monographs on 
plague, cholera, and yellow fever, giving a full account 
of the incidence on the world, during 1911 and 1912, 
of these three scourges. Then comes a great number 
of shorter reports. Altogether, this volume is of 
singular value to all who are concerned—and who is 
not?—with the health and safeguarding of our 
country. 
FORTHCOMING BOOKS OF SCIENCE. 
AGRICULTURE. 
A. and C. Black.—The World’s Cotton Crops, Prof. 
J. A. Todd, illustrated. Crosby Lockwood and Son. 
—Agriculture: Extensive and Intensive, Prof. J. 
Wrightson, in conjunction with J. C. Newsham. 
ANTHROPOLOGY AND ARCHZEOLOGY. 
John Bale, Sons and Danielsson, Ltd.—Hausa Folk- 
Tales, Major A. J. N. Tremearne. Chatto and Windus.— 
| A History of Babylonia and Assyria from Prehistoric 
Times to the Persian Conquest, L. W. King, illustrated, 
vol, ii., A History of Babylon from the Foundation of 
the Monarchy to the Persian Conquest, vol, iii., A 
History of Assyria from the Earliest Period to the 
Fall of Nineveh. Constable and Co., Ltd.—Amulets, 
Prof. W. M. Flinders Petrie, F.R.S., illustrated; Kin- 
ship and Social Organisation, Dr. W. H. R. Rivers, 
F.R.S. Macmillan and Co., Ltd.—Knossian Atlas, 
edited by Sir A. J. Evans, F.R.S., vol. i., The Wall 
Paintings, including coloured lithographic plates 
i-xiii., from drawings by E. Gilliéron, with short 
descriptive sketch by the editor (to which are appended 
Lumiere illustrations), and Notes on the Technique of 
the Frescoes by N. Heaton; The Nine Minoan Periods, 
a Summary Sketch of the Characteristic Stages of 
Cretan Civilization, from the Close of the Neolithic 
to the Beginning of the Iron Age, Sir A. J. Evans, 
F.R.S., illustrated; The Eastern Libyans, O. Bates, 
illustrated; Marriage Ceremonies in Morocco, Prof. 
E. Westermarck; The Native Tribes of the Northern 
Territory of Australia, Prof. W. B. Spencer, C.M.G., 
F.R.S., illustrated. The Medici Society, Ltd.— 
Mexican Archzology : An Introduction to the Archzeo- 
logy of the Mexican and Mayan Civilizations of Pre- 
Spanish America, Thomas A. Joyce, _ illustrated. 
Methuen and Co., Ltd.—The Nomads of the Balkans, 
A. J. B. Wace and M.. S. Thompson, illustrated. 
Oxford University Press.—Contributions to Anthro- 
pology : vol. i., Coos Texts, J. Frachtenberg, vol. ii., 
The Ethnology of the Salish Tribes, J. A. Teit. 
G. P. Putnam’s Sons.—The Folk-Ballads of Southern 
Europe, S. Jewett. Williams and Norgate.—The 
Antiquity of Man, Prof. A.. Keith, F.R.S. 
