80 NATURE 
[Marcu 26, 1914 
review. Since his quitting the Presidency there 
has been a set-back under the four years of Mr. 
Taft, when the recalcitrant party in the Senate 
got its way, and the lumbermen were once more 
permitted to destroy unreasoningly. Mr. Roose- 
velt thoroughly appreciates the fact that the re- 
afforesting of the United States is a matter of 
vital importance for climatic reasons, as well as 
for others, and that the disforesting of these vast 
territories either by the woodman’s axe or by the 
forest fires, would be a legitimate cause of com- 
plaint for the adjoining Dominion of Canada, as 
the climate of Canada would be affected disadvan- 
tageously. 
H. H. JOHNSTON. 
AMERICAN TEXT-BOOKS OF BIOLOGY. 
(1) A Laboratory Manual of Invertebrate Zoology. 
By Dr. G. A. Drew. Second edition, revised. 
Pp.-ix+213. (London and Philadelphia: W. B. 
Saunders Company, 1913.) Price 6s. net. 
(2) A Text-book of Biology. For Students in 
Medical, Technical, and General Courses. By 
Prof. W. M. Smallwood. Pp. xiv +2854 xiii 
plates. (London: Bailli¢re, Tindall and Cox, 
1913.) Price 10s. 6d. net. 
(1) R. DREW’S manual gives directions for 
the study of ninety-two invertebrates. 
The accounts of the various types selected for 
examination are noteworthy for the attention 
devoted to the reactions of the living creatures, and 
for the questions designed to test whether the 
student understands the functions of the several 
organs and comprehends the adaptations exhibited. 
In this second edition, the author has cited, at the 
end of the description of most of the types, a few 
of the chief memoirs dealing with those types. 
This is an excellent feature of the book, for the 
student who follows the lead given will be intro- 
duced to the literature of the subject and to the 
means of becoming acquainted with some of the 
best methods of modern zoological research. Little 
consideration is devoted to the larval stages and 
life-cycles of the types studied, and a detailed 
account of the internal anatomy of many of the 
types is not given; the author’s intention has 
evidently been to single out the external features 
for special study in relation to adaptation. There 
are descriptions of twelve Polychetes, but of only 
two insects—a grasshopper and a bee; an account 
of one of the Diptera, e.g., a mosquito, might 
have been added with advantage. The descrip- 
tions are carefully done, there being very few 
mistakes. In the section on Gregarina, the 
organism is said to encyst and form a_spore- 
NOW 2317, VOL. 93 | 
producing individual—a rather misleading state- 
ment. This portion of the life-cycle might have 
been treated in more detail, and reference made 
to the formation of gametes and of spores and 
sporozoites. The poison ducts of Lithobius open 
on the outer (not on the inner) sides of the second 
maxille. 
An appendix contains precise instructions for 
making permanent preparations of organisms or 
of parts of them, and there is a useful glossary 
of terms employed in the book. 
The student who works intelligently through 
the series of types selected for study will 
j acquire a good general knowledge of the 
structure and chief adaptations exhibited by 
invertebrates. 
(2) Prof. Smallwood has produced an interesting 
and readable volume, intended chiefly for medical 
students. Taking the frog as a convenient type, 
the author describes the physiology of movement, 
digestion, circulation, and metabolism, and then 
proceeds to outline the histology of the tissues, 
the structure of the nervous system, and the 
development (external features only). <A_ brief 
account of Hydra and a very short sketch of the 
Protozoa follow. Succeeding chapters deal with 
the biology of cells and of yeasts and moulds, 
parasitism, some biological factors in disease, 
evolution, variation, heredity, and animal be- 
haviour in its relation to mind. The chapters on 
variation and animal behaviour are especially in- 
teresting, as the illustrative examples are drawn 
from recent literature. The volume ranges over 
a wide field, and the accounts of some of the 
subjects are necessarily brief; in a few cases 
they are too brief to be of much value to the 
average student. The account of malaria will not 
give the student a very clear idea of the life- 
cycle, for, although the author states that the 
number of parasites becomes very great, he does 
not indicate the manner in which this large in- 
crease in number is brought about. But the 
author obviously intends his book to be supple- 
mented by other instruction in the laboratory and 
lecture-room. 
Several mistakes have been allowed to pass, 
e.g., Bothriocephalus is cited as a type of the 
Round-worms, sea-anemones are included under 
Hydrozoa, malaria is stated to oceur in frogs, 
and there are mis-spellings, e.g., Wiederscheim, 
Unchinaria, etc. 
The book contains 243 figures and 13 plates; 
the illustrations are nearly all well chosen and 
excellently reproduced, but the figure of Stomoxys 
represents a fly of entirely different aspect—cer- 
‘tainly not a Stomoxys. 
