May 14, 1914] 
NATURE 
275 
had acquired such simple mechanical arts as are 
essential to primitive man. They had little artistic 
ability, and have left no recognisable drawings on 
ivory or bone, the red stripes discovered by Abbé 
Breuil and Prof. Sollas in the neighbouring cave of 
Bacon Hole being the only attempts at mural decora- 
tion which this race is known to have left behind in 
Wales. They wore rude ornaments, doubtless exer- 
cised some magical arts, and they respected their 
dead sufficiently to provide for them a ceremonial 
burial. Whether the Mousterians, their predecessors, 
occupied this cave is doubtful, nor is it certain that 
they were followed here by the Solutrians or Mag- 
dalenians. Prof, Sollas has thus opened up a new 
and interesting chapter in the prehistoric archzology 
of Great Britain. 
DurinG the last two months excavations have been 
carried on in a brickfield to the north of Ipswich with 
the object of discovering and collecting flint imple- 
ments of probable Lower-Middle Aurignac-Palzolithic 
age, which are known to occur at a_ well-marked 
‘‘occupation level’’ at varying depths round the sides 
of the small valley in which the brickfield is situated. 
Mr. J. Reid Moir informs us that on April 30 digging 
was commenced at a spot on the south side of this 
valley, and a section was exposed consisting of 2 ft. 
of sandy surface material with 2 ft. 3 in. of undis- 
turbed sand below it. At the base of the section the 
solid London Clay was met with, and on the surface 
of this clay, under the compact, undisturbed sand 
many fragments of pottery, calcined flints, and the 
remains of a hearth were found. A large piece of 
pottery was found and photographed in situ. The 
pottery was carefully removed, and has been for- 
warded to the British Museum, Bloomsbury, where 
it is being examined. It was in an extremely soft 
_and friable condition, contains many fragments of 
“white quartz, and is of a primitive and rudimentary 
kind. 
THE first memoir issued by the South African Insti- 
tute for Medical Research is an inquiry, by Mr. G. D. 
Maynard, into the etiology, manifestations and pre- 
vention of pneumonia amongst natives on the Rand 
recruited from tropical areas (published by the insti- 
tute, Johannesburg, price 5s.). © Mr. Maynard has 
availed himself of modern statistical methods and 
finds, among other interesting results, that the attack 
and death-rates from pneumonia are influenced by the 
country of origin of the natives, that the highest 
attack-rates are found among the gangs which have 
the lowest physique, and that the prophylactic inocu- 
lations with a pneumococcus vaccine appear to reduce 
the incidence of pneumonia during a limited period. 
Mr. Maynard’s results appear to show that the effect 
of such immunisation is transitory, the period during 
which some protection is afforded not exceeding four 
months, and that little reduction of the case 
mortality is attained. The paper should be read 
in conjunction with those of Sir Almroth Wright and 
his colleagues, who approach the subject from a some- 
what different point of view. 
WE have been favoured with a separate copy of 
an illustrated article, by Mr. A. Gallardo, from vol. 
xxvi. of the An. Mus. Nac. Hist, Nat. Buenos Aires, 
NO. 2324, VOL. 93] 
on the new museum of natural history it is proposed 
to erect in Buenos Aires, for which a considerable 
amount of money has been voted already. The build- 
ing, which is to comprise all the essential features of 
| an up-to-date museum, is to be in a modification of 
the Louis XVI. style, and will comprise a basement, 
a ground-floor, and a first-floor. 
ALTHOUGH isolated mammalian remains of 
Sarmatian age have been known for some time 
from the Crimea, it was not till 1908 that a regular 
deposit of these was discovered, and this, too, in the 
very heart of Sebastopol itself during certain municipal 
works. The fauna, a part of which is described by 
Mr. A. Borissiak, with great wealth of illustration, in 
the Mém. Com. Géol. St. Pétersbourg, ser. 2, 
livr. Ixxxvii., 1914, appears to show indications of 
affinity with the Pikermi fauna on one hand, and 
that of the Bugti Hill and Siwaliks on the other. An 
interesting item is a giraffe-like ruminant, regarded 
as representing a new genus and species, under the 
name of Achtiaria expectans. 
Tue fourth part of vol. viii. of Records of the 
Indian Museum contains seven articles, by as many 
writers, on the specimens of various groups of, for the 
most part. invertebrate, animals collected during the 
Abor Expedition of 1911-12. Among these, it must 
suffice to refer to a preliminary note on certain groups 
of the Mollusca by Col. Godwin-Austen, who states 
that the collection as a whole ‘is one of the finest 
and most interesting from the eastern frontier I have 
ever looked over, containing as it does so many 
| genera and new species, and so many that are quite 
distinct from land Mollusca at present known from 
the most western part of Assam.” Descriptions of 
two new species appear in this part, and those of 
others are to follow. 
MIssIONARIES and pioneer explorers of equatorial 
Africa long ago reported the finding of wild oranges 
and wild lemons; if the fruits were green, they re- 
sembled small limes and lemons, but if ripe their 
sweet flavour caused them to be classed as oranges. 
The plants yielding this fruit form the subject of an 
| investigation by Mr. W. T. Swingle and Miss Maud 
Kellerman, of the United States Bureau of Plant In- 
dustry, which is published in No. 5 of vol. i. of the 
Journal of Agricultural Research. It is now clear 
that these plants have been wrongly classed in the 
Asiatic genus Limonia, and are more closely related 
to the Citrus; it is proposed to establish a new genus 
for these African oranges by raising to generic rank 
the section Citropsis of Engler. A detailed study is 
given of the different species of this genus. Interest- 
ing results have been obtained as regards the grafting 
and hybridisation of these plants, and an investigation 
is being made of their possible uses as a fruit. It is 
probable that Citropsis will show immunity to diseases 
and adaptations to soil and climate not possessed by 
the stocks upon which citréus fruits are usually 
grafted. 
THE growing importance of the prickly pear pest in 
South Africa and Australia has given rise to a search 
for remedial measures, two of which, the one bio- 
logical and the other chemical, are described in the 
March number of the Agricultural Journal of the 
