298 
total light of the stars is under consideration) , 
the following table has been constructed from 
Table I., in order to give the actually-observed 
light of the stars so far as magnitude 17, the 
formula being used only beyond this point, where 
it is quite sufficiently accurate for the purpose. 
The light is given in terms of the number of first 
magnitude stars of equivalent intensity. Three 
very bright stars are given individually. 
Tas_e II.—The Equivalent Light of the Stars. 
Equivalent Totals to 
Magnitude Number number of rst magnitude 
magnitude stars mt 
-1-6 Sirius II — 
—0':9 ... oa Carine 6 — 
—0-0 ... a Oentauri 2 — 
m m 
0-0-1:0 00 Oly a hevsnammndey 33 
I-0—2-0 Ea. Dh ond. Bar paeer 50 
2:0-3°0 a 73 18 68 
3:0-4-0 ae 189 19 7 
4:0-5:0 a 650 26 113 
FO—0:0) 6) iiae BD DOOR, each S85 g tee ae 
6-0-7-0 bbe 6,600) | 52. 2 gs I OHOO 
7-0-8:0 22,550 56 246 
8-0-9-0 65,000 65 grim 
9:0-10-0 T7AROOO ) sve OOl Ato, wee 
10-0-I1-0 426:000. 455. 108, . 0s) (ARS 
II-O—12-0 965,000 4 1)... 7 760 508 
12-0-13-0 2,020,000 51 559 
13:0-14:0 3,900,000") 1 .-5 140 599 
14:0-15;0 72 O20,000. 4) =e) 3 ase) ORO 
15:0-16-:0 14 ;O40;0000. en. 22790) MGGe 
16:0-17-0 25,400,000 16 668 
17-0-18-0 38,400,090 10 67 
18:0-19-0 54,600,000 6 684 
I9:0-20:0_... 76,000,000... 3 687 
All stars fainters than ZOO NES ies 3 690 
It appears that the total light of the stars is 
approximately equal to that of 700 first magnitude 
stars. Previous estimates of this number have 
greatly erred on the side of excess (more than 
three times the present value having been given, 
though these estimates should be reduced by about 
20 per cent. for comparison with the present one, 
since they have been expressed in terms of first 
magnitude stars on the visual scale). The present 
value can scarcely be much affected by our ignor- 
ance as to the exact numbers of stars fainter than 
17m, as it is a fairly safe deduction from the 
above formule that the stars fainter than 15m 
contribute less than one-eighth of the total light. 
Indeed, the fainter half of the stars, several 
hundred millions in number, account for only 
¢ per cent. of the total light, about equal to that 
of four second magnitude stars. It may be of 
interest, in conclusion, to express the total light 
of the stars in terms of the light of the full moon 
and of the standard candle; using some Harvard 
data for the brightness of these. two sources of 
light, it appears that the full moon is very nearly 
one hundred times as bright as a star of magni- 
tude —6'1, the light of which would equal the 
combined light of all the stars, while light of the 
same intensity would be received from an ordinary | 
16-candle-power electric lamp at forty-five or fifty 
vards distance. S. CHAPMAN. 
NON 2325, VOL. 93) 
NATURE 
| been introduced by Europeans. 
[May 21, 1914 
THE STONE TECHNIQUE OF THE 
MAORI.* 
qpee Maori have long been famous as past 
masters in the art of working stone, the 
ornaments and implements of the beautiful 
nephrite (‘jade’) of New Zealand being especi- 
ally noteworthy. It is, therefore, with peculiar 
pleasure that we welcome the appearance of a 
monograph which deals in an adequate manner 
with this important subject; indeed this is the 
only complete account we have of stone technique 
in Oceania. The student must not overlook, 
however, the beautifully-illustrated monograph 
on “Ancient Hawaiian 
Stone Implements,” by 
W. T. Brigham (Mem. 
Bernice Pauahi Bishop 
Museum, vol. i., No. 4, 
1902), in which many 
implements from New 
Zealand are figured. 
The preparation of the 
present memoir could 
not have been entrusted 
to a more competent 
student, as Mr. Elsdon 
Best has gained a de- 
servedly high reputation 
for his intimate and 
sympathetic knowledge 
of the ancient lore of the 
Mor. . and- foreeiais 
acquaintance with | the 
literature of all that per- 
tains to New Zealand. 
An authoritative account 
is given of the native ter- 
minology for the various 
kinds of implements and 
of the stones employed 
for the blades, as well as 
of the methods for the 
manufacture of the Fic. 1.—Unfinished adze-blade of 
Ordinary stone tools, the ~ vey fne-aramed Biackaee 
ne - y illustrating the fine symmetrical 
information being culled for attained under the processes 
from numerous published 
of flaking (or chipping) and 
bruising, without any grinding 
sources and from. the whatever, The tool. could be 
: ie utilised as an adze if only the 
natives themselves lower part of the blade were 
Where’ is a certain:amount \) /eorns. Pere 
is also a common Hawaiian 
of tapu pertaining to the type. 
task of cutting nephrite 
and no woman was allowed to come near the 
workers, but there was no tapu in connection with 
the working of any other stone. Holes were drilled 
in stone by means of the cord drill, but the bow 
drill (with or without a mouthpiece) and the pump 
drill seem to have been unknown to the Maori 
in pre-European times. The same appears to 
hold good for Polynesia, though it is not easy to 
see how the pump drill of New Guinea could have 
Having chipped 
and bruised his implement into the desired form, 
1 Dominion Museum Bulletin No. 4. 
Maori. By Elsdon Best. (Wellington: 
1912.) 
The Stone Implements of the 
J. Macay, Government Printer, 
